<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048</id><updated>2012-01-31T08:03:17.442-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Portuguese Institute for Economic Freedom</title><subtitle type='html'>(Last updated in December 2011)</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>14</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-7954086306376396401</id><published>2009-06-16T09:50:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T07:09:19.720-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SUZ_j0o5biI/AAAAAAAAALs/ECtG-eYWOng/s1600-h/Untitled-3.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5280047866540813858" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SUZ_j0o5biI/AAAAAAAAALs/ECtG-eYWOng/s400/Untitled-3.gif" style="float: left; height: 160px; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 139px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;0. INTRODUCTION&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.1. &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;Welcome &lt;/span&gt;to the blog of our institute.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0.2. As reading the material below &lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;remember &lt;/span&gt;that:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;“The opinions expressed in the Institute for Economic Freedom (Institute) project are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of any financial supporters of the Institute or the website and project”.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0.3. &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;The objective&lt;/span&gt; of the Institute is to promote &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;economic&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;freedom, economic democracy&lt;/span&gt;. That is, marketing (of goods, services, labor) characterized by: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;0.3.1. private property;&lt;br /&gt;0.3.2. competition; and&lt;br /&gt;0.3.3. based on merit (quality; price; delivery).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.4 Thus &lt;strong&gt;we oppose:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.4.1. the ever growing state and taxes;&lt;br /&gt;0.4.2. trusts, oligopolies and the several barriers to competition; and&lt;br /&gt;0.4.3. corruption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.5. We are also &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;in favor&lt;/span&gt; of: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.5.1. personal responsibility (since that is the price of freedom); and&lt;br /&gt;0.5.2. A culture of excellency (to lift markets upward).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.6. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;In short:&lt;/span&gt; we aim at complementing the &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;political freedom&lt;/span&gt; (obtained with the April 1974 revolution), with &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;greater economic freedom&lt;/span&gt; (a field where - as shown below - there is a long way for Portugal to go).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0.7. And thus solving the &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;present paradox&lt;/span&gt; that: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.7.1 The Portuguese (2% of the working population every year), emigrate to countries with greater economic freedom than Portugal (including the Scandinavian countries) - with the exceptions of Angola, whose exports are 99,4% raw materials,&amp;nbsp;Brazil and Italy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fv28X9ZmyTc/Tw70ZWGgHuI/AAAAAAAAArs/SzjQjGPsLFY/s1600/0.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="296" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fv28X9ZmyTc/Tw70ZWGgHuI/AAAAAAAAArs/SzjQjGPsLFY/s400/0.1.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-c6J4E-3GlN0/Tw70kF9uH7I/AAAAAAAAAr0/1iKREa_8zh4/s1600/0.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="295" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-c6J4E-3GlN0/Tw70kF9uH7I/AAAAAAAAAr0/1iKREa_8zh4/s400/0.2.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.8. So, let us now turn to the content of our blog, which, for the pleasure of your reading is &lt;strong&gt;divided&lt;/strong&gt; into five parts:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First:&lt;/strong&gt; the &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;need&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;for greater economic freedom;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second:&lt;/strong&gt; Some &lt;strong&gt;data&lt;/strong&gt; on the &lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;Portuguese economy&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third:&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;strong&gt;uncomplete revolution&lt;/strong&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourth:&lt;/strong&gt; The Institute &lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;newsletter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fifth:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Articles &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;on economic freedom related issues; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sixth:&lt;/strong&gt; Some information of the &lt;span style="color: #996633;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;activities&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;of the Institute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.9. We hope that you enjoy our blog:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.9.1. And please remember: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.9.1.1. If you wish to see the diagrams and figures of our blog in a larger size, please click on top of each figure/diagram;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.9.1.2. If you use any of our material, do not forget to mention our institute; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;0.9.1.3. If you wish to receive our newsletter, or if you have any suggestion or enquiry, we can be contacted at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:economicfreedom@mail.telepac.pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;economicfreedom@mail.telepac.pt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0.9.2. Thank you for visiting us and remember:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Sjd40SljLoI/AAAAAAAAAUU/1NkktfaQS7k/s1600-h/12.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347875922263617154" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Sjd40SljLoI/AAAAAAAAAUU/1NkktfaQS7k/s400/12.gif" style="display: block; height: 270px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6UBvKpfsI/AAAAAAAAAHk/jkRnbiR9boo/s1600-h/textofinal.gif"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-7954086306376396401?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/7954086306376396401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=7954086306376396401&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/7954086306376396401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/7954086306376396401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/0_16.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SUZ_j0o5biI/AAAAAAAAALs/ECtG-eYWOng/s72-c/Untitled-3.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-529643784276768385</id><published>2009-06-16T09:50:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T08:53:27.679-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #009900; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I. THE NEED FOR ECONOMIC FREEDOM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.1. &lt;strong&gt;First:&lt;/strong&gt; there is a &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;strong correlation&lt;/span&gt; between economic freedom and development, be it evaluated in small samples and countries (diagram 1.1.1 below) or large samples and all types of countries (diagram 1.1.2 and 1.1.3 below): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-McAamaqVN8Q/Tw8Lr3UJHoI/AAAAAAAAAr8/kJ48xiaY6j0/s1600/1.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="190" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-McAamaqVN8Q/Tw8Lr3UJHoI/AAAAAAAAAr8/kJ48xiaY6j0/s400/1.1.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hL2CdP16S-o/Tw8L0hoC9MI/AAAAAAAAAsE/0kM9IIDfZyc/s1600/1.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="302" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hL2CdP16S-o/Tw8L0hoC9MI/AAAAAAAAAsE/0kM9IIDfZyc/s400/1.2.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JJYbkMZf-rM/Tw8L-AyjvRI/AAAAAAAAAsM/HgjdDZq5coQ/s1600/1.3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="311" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JJYbkMZf-rM/Tw8L-AyjvRI/AAAAAAAAAsM/HgjdDZq5coQ/s400/1.3.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j91kUz2scJo/Tw8MLGrr3mI/AAAAAAAAAsU/SDrZMKi01jA/s1600/1.4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="301" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j91kUz2scJo/Tw8MLGrr3mI/AAAAAAAAAsU/SDrZMKi01jA/s400/1.4.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.2. &lt;strong&gt;Second:&lt;/strong&gt; Portugal has been &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;decreasing &lt;/span&gt;in the ranking of &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.2.1 Portugal lost&amp;nbsp;twenty-three places from 2004 to 2011;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvJ5t1tOvgE/Tw8MXR1pqbI/AAAAAAAAAsc/Ou-c1hzDnmc/s1600/1.6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="303" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvJ5t1tOvgE/Tw8MXR1pqbI/AAAAAAAAAsc/Ou-c1hzDnmc/s400/1.6.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.2.2 and Portugal lost&amp;nbsp;31 places since 1995.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D2mB1yhE2dM/Tw8MqOHQTaI/AAAAAAAAAsk/hkpMefiFv-w/s1600/1.5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D2mB1yhE2dM/Tw8MqOHQTaI/AAAAAAAAAsk/hkpMefiFv-w/s400/1.5.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.3. &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;And (third) as a consequence&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.3.1. Portugal is at the European &lt;strong&gt;bottom&lt;/strong&gt; in terms of &lt;strong&gt;economic freedom&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sJhHYM7Nic0/Tw8NIwxTYtI/AAAAAAAAAss/UpM54UwoHyA/s1600/1.7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="302" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sJhHYM7Nic0/Tw8NIwxTYtI/AAAAAAAAAss/UpM54UwoHyA/s400/1.7.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.3.2. Has also been losing ranking in &lt;span style="color: #006600;"&gt;competitiveness&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.3.2.1 Since 2004 lost eight places;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ED5RjoSuPrc/Tw8NVL2aK1I/AAAAAAAAAs0/pisphy0tYTc/s1600/1.8.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="290" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ED5RjoSuPrc/Tw8NVL2aK1I/AAAAAAAAAs0/pisphy0tYTc/s400/1.8.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.3.2.2 And since 1997 Portugal lost also&amp;nbsp;eight places.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vUFXEebkKpo/Tw8NrR1ls3I/AAAAAAAAAs8/Ln6tooxAtbw/s1600/1.9.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="298" kba="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vUFXEebkKpo/Tw8NrR1ls3I/AAAAAAAAAs8/Ln6tooxAtbw/s400/1.9.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1.3.3. Finally on &lt;span style="color: #000066;"&gt;transparency &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Portugal has also been losing ranking:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VxOmqo8KbhM/Tw8OA-MPD0I/AAAAAAAAAtE/qQi0a3LCE_M/s1600/1.10.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VxOmqo8KbhM/Tw8OA-MPD0I/AAAAAAAAAtE/qQi0a3LCE_M/s400/1.10.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;1.3.4. Indeed there is a strong correlation among all three variables: economic freedom; competitiveness; and transparency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z5qfdxaUknY/Tw8OLjxJ0kI/AAAAAAAAAtM/u0Oa081ll4k/s1600/1.11.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="296" kba="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z5qfdxaUknY/Tw8OLjxJ0kI/AAAAAAAAAtM/u0Oa081ll4k/s400/1.11.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;1.3.5. &lt;strong&gt;As well as&lt;/strong&gt;, between &lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span style="color: #663300;"&gt;Gross Domestic Product&lt;/span&gt; per capita (in top of &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;competitiveness&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X2fOOfWeWSY/Tw8OSJgCf8I/AAAAAAAAAtU/wFm-N2cfQsU/s1600/1.12.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="235" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X2fOOfWeWSY/Tw8OSJgCf8I/AAAAAAAAAtU/wFm-N2cfQsU/s320/1.12.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.3.6. Thus, it should come as no surprise the sluggish economic situation of Portugal (on this see next section, please).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-529643784276768385?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/529643784276768385/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=529643784276768385&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/529643784276768385'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/529643784276768385'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/i_16.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-McAamaqVN8Q/Tw8Lr3UJHoI/AAAAAAAAAr8/kJ48xiaY6j0/s72-c/1.1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-3385964305885254556</id><published>2009-06-16T09:49:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T07:33:01.895-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;II. SOME DATA ON THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY OVER THREE DECADES AFTER APRIL 1974&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DGtK-4IoH8k/Tx7PFEZuMOI/AAAAAAAAAtc/9dNTsqJ0TNM/s1600/2.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="298" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DGtK-4IoH8k/Tx7PFEZuMOI/AAAAAAAAAtc/9dNTsqJ0TNM/s400/2.1.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mlYha2BFunI/Tw7KprsoGyI/AAAAAAAAAp8/8pHMyehCdk4/s1600/2.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="296" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mlYha2BFunI/Tw7KprsoGyI/AAAAAAAAAp8/8pHMyehCdk4/s400/2.2.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yMnWq-zShfc/Tw7Kise3_8I/AAAAAAAAAp0/iVlf0lvOEYQ/s1600/2.3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="298" kba="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yMnWq-zShfc/Tw7Kise3_8I/AAAAAAAAAp0/iVlf0lvOEYQ/s400/2.3.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6jvjJ2N-I/AAAAAAAAAJ0/mOc65kIi0DY/s1600-h/III-4.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5277835850610522082" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6jvjJ2N-I/AAAAAAAAAJ0/mOc65kIi0DY/s400/III-4.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 297px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-3385964305885254556?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/3385964305885254556/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=3385964305885254556&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3385964305885254556'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3385964305885254556'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/ii.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DGtK-4IoH8k/Tx7PFEZuMOI/AAAAAAAAAtc/9dNTsqJ0TNM/s72-c/2.1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-1557394760195108428</id><published>2009-06-16T09:48:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T07:37:42.924-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;III. THE UNCOMPLETE REVOLUTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;3.1 In 1974 the Portuguese revolution brought &lt;span style="color: #006600;"&gt;political freedom&lt;/span&gt; to the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2 But, that freedom was &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;not extended&lt;/span&gt; to the &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;economic sector&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3 &lt;strong&gt;Consequently&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;3.3.1 In the 37 years since the revolution, Portuguese &lt;strong&gt;convergence&lt;/strong&gt; towards the European Union has been &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;very slow&lt;/span&gt; (only 13,8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3ogUUsy_ayI/Tx7QDThLBoI/AAAAAAAAAtk/WaL1Euqb_K8/s1600/3.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="237" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3ogUUsy_ayI/Tx7QDThLBoI/AAAAAAAAAtk/WaL1Euqb_K8/s320/3.1.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;3.3.2 and &lt;strong&gt;pessimism prevails&lt;/strong&gt;: when asked if their economic situation will be better in the next twelve months, only 8% of the Portuguese answer positively, the second&amp;nbsp;lowest in the European Union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VGKBlqiRmPI/Tw7MhQyqoBI/AAAAAAAAAqU/riqS8ldBCZc/s1600/3.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VGKBlqiRmPI/Tw7MhQyqoBI/AAAAAAAAAqU/riqS8ldBCZc/s320/3.2.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-1557394760195108428?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/1557394760195108428/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=1557394760195108428&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/1557394760195108428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/1557394760195108428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/iii_16.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3ogUUsy_ayI/Tx7QDThLBoI/AAAAAAAAAtk/WaL1Euqb_K8/s72-c/3.1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-2877856156322053701</id><published>2009-06-16T09:48:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T04:20:36.918-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IV. INSTITUTE NEWSLETTERS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4.1. Until now our institute has published&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;nine&lt;/strong&gt; newsletters, one in October and another in December 2008, a third in March 2009, a fourth in June 2009, a fifth in November 2009, a sixth in June 2010, a seventh in December 2010, an eighth&amp;nbsp; in July 2011&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and our most recent in January 2012 (see all covers below).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316764871137147570" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ScjxexpnurI/AAAAAAAAAM0/OjCbrk78vqI/s400/newsletteroctober.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 261px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - October 2008 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316765023734726738" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ScjxnqHuAFI/AAAAAAAAAM8/Vf-JVQ1hiyc/s400/newsletterdecember.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 265px;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - December 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Scjxtc5spBI/AAAAAAAAANE/JYs7a6lE5sU/s1600-h/newslettermarch.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316765123265471506" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Scjxtc5spBI/AAAAAAAAANE/JYs7a6lE5sU/s400/newslettermarch.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 264px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Newsletter - March 2009 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347908262083517474" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SjeWOtzdXCI/AAAAAAAAAWc/y8UhlvpxR04/s400/27.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 280px;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - June 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/S3viteyVK9I/AAAAAAAAAZ0/qYGWnb5Z_tI/s1600-h/N1.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439190245966162898" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/S3viteyVK9I/AAAAAAAAAZ0/qYGWnb5Z_tI/s400/N1.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - November 2009 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/TB9zKmafA_I/AAAAAAAAAeE/SvZ8PRRPWlQ/s1600/9.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5485229497108071410" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/TB9zKmafA_I/AAAAAAAAAeE/SvZ8PRRPWlQ/s400/9.gif" style="display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 272px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Newsletter - June 2010&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/TTh1goHb8tI/AAAAAAAAAiI/6QQWl14no4w/s1600/Newsletter.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5564326543001121490" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/TTh1goHb8tI/AAAAAAAAAiI/6QQWl14no4w/s320/Newsletter.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 357px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 273px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - Fall/Winter 2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cu9J_R2GetI/ThwVfYzPXWI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/j0GjcshpmjY/s1600/Newsletter.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628397263283772770" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cu9J_R2GetI/ThwVfYzPXWI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/j0GjcshpmjY/s320/Newsletter.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 369px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 291px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;Newsletter - Spring/Summer 2011&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bS94BeiUN1A/Tw7OmkelmGI/AAAAAAAAAqc/5BlwTaaxZwY/s1600/Newsletter.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bS94BeiUN1A/Tw7OmkelmGI/AAAAAAAAAqc/5BlwTaaxZwY/s400/Newsletter.gif" width="282" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Newsletter - Autumn/Winter 2011/12&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4.2. If you wish to receive the newsletter periodically, please contact us at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;economicfreedom@mail.telepac.pt&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;﻿&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-2877856156322053701?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/2877856156322053701/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=2877856156322053701&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2877856156322053701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2877856156322053701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/iv.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ScjxexpnurI/AAAAAAAAAM0/OjCbrk78vqI/s72-c/newsletteroctober.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-3528262568846579517</id><published>2009-06-16T09:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-08T10:21:18.831-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;V. ARTICLES ON ECONOMIC FREEDOM RELATED ISSUES&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;In this section we introduce you to the seven themes (whose data we continuously update): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;5.1. &lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;The non competitiveness of the European Union&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;br /&gt;5.2. &lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;Lessons from the USA for the European economic convergence&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;br /&gt;5.3. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;Comparing different pharmaceutical models within Europe&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;5.4. &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;The second revolution in need in Portugal&lt;/span&gt;: the revolution &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;work&lt;/span&gt;. Not more, but better, work: thus &lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;Delivering the Letter to Garcia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;(fourth article below); &lt;br /&gt;5.5. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Socialism&lt;/span&gt; (in american politics), the meaning of &lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;economic freedom&lt;/span&gt; and the &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;empirical evidence&lt;/span&gt; of its power from Europe; &lt;br /&gt;5.6. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Interview about the Portuguese Institute of Economic Freedom&lt;/span&gt;, published in the newspaper Vida Económica in September 2008; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;5.7 &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Portugal has lack of economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;, interview published in the newspaper Vida Económica, May 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-3528262568846579517?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/3528262568846579517/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=3528262568846579517&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3528262568846579517'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3528262568846579517'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/v.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-2037983839439078010</id><published>2009-06-16T09:46:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T09:39:23.350-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-size: 130%;"&gt;5.1. THE NON COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Today, one mentions frequently the failure of the Lisbon Agenda, that is the European Union Prime Ministers meeting in Lisbon (2000), which “decided” to make of Europe the most competitive world region, within ten years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We shall divide the numbers of such failure into three categories:&lt;br /&gt;- the result (gross domestic product per capita)&lt;br /&gt;- the immediate causes; and&lt;br /&gt;- the initial/original causes (the causes of the causes).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Figure one presents the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of the three major economic blocks: U.S.A.; E.U.; and Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the world average is 11200 dollars, the EU average is more than 3 times (337%) that value; Japan is 304% and the USA is 421% (4,2 times).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637388754976395106" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9vS-2Y2jGRI/TjwHNFkmT2I/AAAAAAAAAow/ATTFsFPjuJc/s400/1.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 301px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The result&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Thus, as figure two shows, the EU per capita is 25,9% below the USA level and Japan is 27,9% below. So Japan is per capita 2% worse off than Europe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are further bad news for Europe: at the rates of growth of the last 31 years (1980-2011), Europe will&amp;nbsp;take 100 years to&amp;nbsp;converge with, that is reach, the USA average.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--H7QI9pQanU/Tx7lc-U-R9I/AAAAAAAAAuU/Ze23gwEw0FA/s1600/5.1.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--H7QI9pQanU/Tx7lc-U-R9I/AAAAAAAAAuU/Ze23gwEw0FA/s320/5.1.2.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KQ0eapS_lzM/TjwHJGkjsPI/AAAAAAAAAoo/I53v2dz_3v4/s1600/2.gif"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;And Japan, given the last 31 years, will take over&amp;nbsp;8 centuries… to reach the level of USA prosperity. Provided, of course, that the rates of growth of the last 31 years are indicative of the future growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, not only are Europe and Japan poorer than the USA, but also they will require 1 and&amp;nbsp;over&amp;nbsp;8 centuries, to catch up with the USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why? To find the causes, let’s first look into the immediate causes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The (immediate) causes &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;The Gross Domestic Product &lt;em&gt;(GDP) per capita&lt;/em&gt; is the product of four variables:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 – The GDP per hour (&lt;em&gt;productivity per hour&lt;/em&gt;); multiplied by&lt;br /&gt;2 – The &lt;em&gt;number of hours worked&lt;/em&gt;; multiplied by&lt;br /&gt;3 – &lt;em&gt;How many people&lt;/em&gt; are in the labour market (either working or looking for a job: the active population); and multiplied by&lt;br /&gt;4 – The &lt;em&gt;rate of employment&lt;/em&gt; (100% minus the rate of unemployment).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What happens is that the &lt;strong&gt;USA are better off than Europe&lt;/strong&gt;, regarding three variables. Indeed, Americans:&lt;br /&gt;1 – Produce &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; per hour;&lt;br /&gt;2 – Work &lt;em&gt;longer&lt;/em&gt; hours; and&lt;br /&gt;3 – Have a &lt;em&gt;higher&lt;/em&gt; % of its population in the labour market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And so, it is the joint effect of &lt;strong&gt;three variables&lt;/strong&gt; that make americans enjoy a standard of life 35% superior to europeans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, in terms of &lt;em&gt;productivity per hour&lt;/em&gt; (figure three), europeans are 17,8% less productive than americans and Japanese are 32,6% below. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zxk4scm1aLg/Tx7nK_jYzyI/AAAAAAAAAuc/ZRTvAmhl3dU/s1600/5.1.3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="239" nfa="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zxk4scm1aLg/Tx7nK_jYzyI/AAAAAAAAAuc/ZRTvAmhl3dU/s320/5.1.3.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Then, not only do americans produce more per hour, but also they work &lt;em&gt;longer&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;hours&lt;/em&gt; (figure four): 1733 per year against 1584 in the EU, less 8,6% in average.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FYsBhJovlX0/Tx7n7hqegnI/AAAAAAAAAuk/LwqeOR1Km7w/s1600/5.1.4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FYsBhJovlX0/Tx7n7hqegnI/AAAAAAAAAuk/LwqeOR1Km7w/s320/5.1.4.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;But, then the USA benefits still from a &lt;em&gt;larger % of working force&lt;/em&gt;: 49,6% against 48,5% in Europe. The champion here is Japan (51,5%): figure five. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e3Xri2YzARo/Tx7oc3GT75I/AAAAAAAAAus/P1kkk1su4BY/s1600/5.1.5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" nfa="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e3Xri2YzARo/Tx7oc3GT75I/AAAAAAAAAus/P1kkk1su4BY/s320/5.1.5.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;And finally (figure six) the &lt;em&gt;rate of unemployment&lt;/em&gt; is equal in USA and in Europe (9,6% = 100% - 90,4 %). Again, it is minimal in Japan: 5,1%. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JNz3zFFOUl4/Tx7o7ivPsHI/AAAAAAAAAu0/tW_Rpy2TnCw/s1600/5.1.6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="242" nfa="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JNz3zFFOUl4/Tx7o7ivPsHI/AAAAAAAAAu0/tW_Rpy2TnCw/s320/5.1.6.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;So, when &lt;em&gt;we ask ourselves&lt;/em&gt;: why are the USA so much better off than Europe, the answer must be: because America&lt;br /&gt;1st – Is &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; productive per hour;&lt;br /&gt;2nd – Works &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; hours; and&lt;br /&gt;3rd – Has &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; people working (due to a higher % of active population).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here arises a new question. Why is it so? Does this happen by accident, or are there some root (initial) causes? And in such a case, which are they? The answer respects to the initial causes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;The initial (original) causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No, it is no accident that the USA works &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;better&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="color: #006600;"&gt;more&lt;/span&gt; than Europeans. The reasons are immersed in US society and can be found in the fabrics of its population and culture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us concentrate in just a few.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First: Americans are &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;younger&lt;/span&gt; than Europeans. The median average is 36,9 years against 41,1 years in Europe and 44,8 years in Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second: a larger % of &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;women&lt;/span&gt; are in the active (working) population in the USA than in Europe or Japan (46,7% against 45% and 42%). That is important. It happens that women are different (not better, not worse) from men. So they bring to the working place different attitudes and qualities. And diversity is a source of wealth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third: then, the American &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;mind&lt;/span&gt; is… different. That is what Alexis de Tocqueville in the 19th century called: the American excepcionalism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Americans are more &lt;strong&gt;motivated&lt;/strong&gt;. When asked (by the Pew Research Centre): are you very proud of your nationality? 65,3% of Americans answer yes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The British? Only 54%. French? 30%. Germans? 22% (approximately one in five). This is obviously important. It is harder to be motivated, when you believe you were born in the wrong place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fourth: Americans believe in themselves. They have &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;self-confidence&lt;/span&gt;. When asked (again, by the Pew Research Centre): does your success depend upon yourself?, 64% of Americans answer yes. But in Europe only 43% agree (54% say it all has to do with forces “outside” their control). So, Americans are &lt;span style="color: #006600;"&gt;inner directed&lt;/span&gt;. Europeans are &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;outer directed&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fifth: the USA enjoys more &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;freedom&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Commercial &lt;/em&gt;freedom. &lt;em&gt;Fiscal&lt;/em&gt; freedom (lower taxes). &lt;em&gt;Investment&lt;/em&gt; freedom (openness to foreign investment). &lt;em&gt;Market&lt;/em&gt; freedom (lower regulation and lower black market). &lt;em&gt;Property&lt;/em&gt; freedom (stronger property laws). &lt;em&gt;Banking&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;prices&lt;/em&gt; freedom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And freedom is at the root of economic development. The &lt;strong&gt;Heritage Foundation&lt;/strong&gt; (in Washington) prepares a ranking of the countries with more and less &lt;strong&gt;economic freedom&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The IMD (in Switzerland) has another ranking, this time of the more and less economically competitive countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How both rankings compare? Not surprisingly the countries which top one list, also top the other: Singapore; Hong Kong and of course the USA; also countries at the bottom in the both the economic freedom list and the competitiveness list tend to be the same. The statistical correlation is +0,67 (significant at a 0% level), indicating that beyond any doubt: &lt;strong&gt;freedom works&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As it happens, some European Union countries are well placed in both lists (Luxembourg; Denmark; Holland. But then others destroy the average: France, Italy, and of course, Greece and Portugal).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other variable where Europe is better is in yearly migration (% of immigration minus emigration in the total population): 0,4% in Europe, against 0,29% in the USA and –0,03% in Japan. But that is a recent phenomenon due to recent restrictions in entering the USA related to the international situation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In short, it is (among other variables) the conjunction of A) &lt;em&gt;youth&lt;/em&gt;; B) &lt;em&gt;diversity&lt;/em&gt; (higher in women but lower in migration); C) &lt;em&gt;motivation&lt;/em&gt;; D) &lt;em&gt;self-reliance&lt;/em&gt;; and E) &lt;em&gt;freedom&lt;/em&gt;, which explains that Americans are nearly 22% more productive than Europeans (the GDP per capita is 35% above – figures two and three before).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;The creation of the Euro currency raised the &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;expectations&lt;/span&gt; regarding the Competitiveness of the European Union. That was further enhanced by the Lisbon Summit in 2000 when the Prime Ministers of all EU-15 countries announced their aim of making of Europe, within 10 years, the world most competitive region.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reality however is far different from, either the citizens expectations, or the governments announcements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, not only is Europe far from the USA, in terms of competitiveness, but also (what is far more serious for Europe), it is closing the gap slowly&amp;nbsp;(figure two).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And so, &lt;strong&gt;if the past (1980-2011) is prologue&lt;/strong&gt;, EU 15 will take 100 years to reach the&amp;nbsp;GDP per capita of the USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What that means? Basically that more of the same is not the solution for Europe. And so, &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;structural reforms&lt;/span&gt; are necessary. Even because, the best guarantee of a strong social protection system, are &lt;em&gt;high levels of productivity&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-2037983839439078010?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/2037983839439078010/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=2037983839439078010&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2037983839439078010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2037983839439078010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5_4201.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9vS-2Y2jGRI/TjwHNFkmT2I/AAAAAAAAAow/ATTFsFPjuJc/s72-c/1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-1888430722791492641</id><published>2009-06-16T09:45:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-31T08:03:17.455-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-size: 130%;"&gt;5.2. LESSONS FROM THE USA FOR THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;I. INTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One of the great economic objectives of the European Union is to achieve real convergence among its member states. By that it is meant to bring poorer countries (measured in terms of gross domestic product per capita) into the European average.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;For such a purpose the European Commission in Brussels (the equivalent to the federal government in the USA) has for the last two decades invested year after year considerable amounts into the economy of four poorer European countries: Spain, Ireland, Greece and Portugal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;These investments have come under different forms: costs sharing of major public work programs; financing of education; subsidising private companies under special programs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Also, the values of these transfers into poorer countries have been significant. Both for the European budget where they represent 33% of the total budget and in terms of each country’s economy: at 2004 prices (between 2000-2006) what Portugal, Greece, Spain and Ireland (the four poorer European countries when they joined) received in transfers represent respectively 2,2%, 1,6%, 1,3% and 0,33% of their gross domestic product.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;II. THE PROBLEM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nevertheless, progress among poorest European countries has been relatively slow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Portugal joined the European Union in 1986. At that time its GDP per capita was 54,2% of Europe’s average. In 2011 it is 71,3%. Thus a progress of (71,3% - 54,2%) 17,1% in 25 years, for an annual convergence rate of 1,1%. At this trend Portugal will reach European GDP average only after&amp;nbsp;31 years; in 2042 (see figure one). And the European Union will need to keep on pumping funds at the present rate (2,2% of Portugal’s GDP).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Greece has been diverging. Greece joined the European club in 1981. At that time its GDP per capita was 87,2% of Europe’s average.&amp;nbsp;Thirty years later it is at 74,4%. A decrease of 12,8% in&amp;nbsp;30 years: -0,5% per year. At this rhythm Greece will never reach the European GDP average (see figure one).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Spain joined in 1986. At that time its GDP per capita was 72,2% of Europe’s. Twenty –five years later, in 2011, it is at 90,4%. A progress of 18,2% in 25 years, that is 0,9% per year. If the trend is kept, another&amp;nbsp;11 years, will pass by before Spain reaches the European average (figure one).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ireland is the only previously poor country (when it joined the European Union) that has achieved fast convergence. It joined in 1973 with GDP per capita of 62,9%. In 1998, twenty-five years later its GDP per capita reached Europe’s average. In 2011 it is 15,2% above that average.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;So what is the outcome of the European Union process of economic convergence? At best, a mixed outcome. Ireland achieved a fast convergence. But for Portugal and Spain convergence was slow: another&amp;nbsp;31 years will be needed before Portugal reach the European average. In spite of the fact that all countries received in central transfers over one per cent of their GDP, year after year (except Ireland).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Should this come as a surprise? In part. We knew from economic theory that there are forces in favour and against economic convergence (figure two).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vN-GlG9pQBo/TygG_vNK9mI/AAAAAAAAAu8/pWQGS9lXMfQ/s1600/5.2.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="241" sda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vN-GlG9pQBo/TygG_vNK9mI/AAAAAAAAAu8/pWQGS9lXMfQ/s320/5.2.1.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;In general, in favour of convergence of a poor region there are three variables: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1. transfers from the central government&lt;br /&gt;2. lower salaries; and&lt;br /&gt;3. it is not necessary to innovate, only to imitate (the so called Krugman effect).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then, against convergence, that is in favour of more developed regions, there are two factors: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1. More money, therefore a larger market making possible greater specialization and company scale economies, without the onus of transport costs; and&lt;br /&gt;2. greater dynamism, thus more opportunities (the rhythm of a chain, is the rhythm of its slowest link).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218916925330599170" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1RSuaarQI/AAAAAAAAACE/jSu4SpBgTTM/s400/figuretwo2.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;So, we knew from economic theory that there were factors for and against economic convergence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;However, it was thought that in the long run, forces in favour would outweigh those against. That this is not the case, comes somewhat as a surprise. But that should not be so if one had looked at the example of the United States. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;III. THE EXAMPLE FROM THE UNITED STATES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The U.S.A. is an economic union (no internal trade tariffs) for more than 200 years (Europe started, slowly in 1957). It has been a monetary union for long, too (single currency). And has a federal budget over sixteen times larger than Europe’s. And what is the result? What economic convergence has been achieved by the U.S.A.?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The answer is: much lower than could be expected. There are two ways of seeing this. The first is by looking at the difference in the standard of living among the fifty-one U.S.A. states. The other is by comparing the level of that difference with the difference among the fifteen countries of the European Union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Indeed, among the fifty-one U.S.A. states there are great differences. The average GDP per capital (PPP&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style="color: #3333ff; font-size: 78%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; in 2010&lt;span style="font-size: 78%;"&gt; &lt;span style="color: #3333ff;"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;of the U.S.A. was 47.131dollars (see figure three). But the state of Mississippi is 30,5% below (GDP per capita equal to&amp;nbsp;70% of the average of the U.S.A). West Virginia is 28,4% below. And&amp;nbsp;South Carolina&amp;nbsp;25,7%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;There are the riches states: District of Columbia is 257% above the average;&amp;nbsp;Alaska is 50% above; and&amp;nbsp;Delaware 48%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Comparing the richer states with the poorer, the differences are enormous. In relation to the average of the three poorest states (South Carolina, Mississippi and West Virginia) the GDP per capita of the District of Columbia (capital Washington) is 400% times superior,&amp;nbsp;Alaska&amp;nbsp;is 109% superior and&amp;nbsp;Delaware 106% superior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;So, there is a large economic divergence. There are a few states very much above the average. And others well below. After two hundred years of an economic and monetary union. This is illustrated in figure three.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;This happens despite the existence of a large number of states with a GDP per capita close to the average, forming a solid nucleus of convergence: Texas, Nebraska,&amp;nbsp;Hawaii, Oregon, Louisiana, Iowa, etc. But afterwards there are extreme cases. Of richness. And of poorness. Here, apart from the abovementioned three states (South Carolina, Mississippi and West Virginia), there are other poor states: Idaho (23,4% below the average of U.S.A.),&amp;nbsp;Alabama (23,6% inferior), Montana (23,8% below) and&amp;nbsp;Arkansas (25,4% below). Among others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ifm02w_zZyU/TygLF-ROjbI/AAAAAAAAAvE/dntNi8EidR4/s1600/5.2.3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" sda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ifm02w_zZyU/TygLF-ROjbI/AAAAAAAAAvE/dntNi8EidR4/s320/5.2.3.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Then, there is a major surprise. When one compares how similar they are among themselves, all fifty-one U.S.A. states with, how similar are all fifteen European countries, in terms of GDP per capita, one reaches the conclusion that European countries are more similar (have greater convergence) than U.S.A. states!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Two measures indicate that much. The Gini Index and the GDP per capita variance divided by its mean.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;As figure 4.1 shows the Gini Index is greater for the U.S.A. (0,22) than for Europe (0,16) &lt;span style="color: #3333ff; font-size: 78%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Thus the economic divergence is greater in the U.S.A. Convergence is larger in Europe. There is a six per cent difference.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;That is represented in figure 4.2 where the U.S.A. Lorenz curve (the geometric representation of the Gini Index) is below that of Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Indeed, the higher the economic divergence is, the flatter over the horizontal axis the curve would be. On the contrary, in the case of no divergence whatsoever (total convergence), the curve would be equal to the straight line linking the southwest and northeast corners.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Another indication that U.S.A. economic divergence is higher than Europe’s is provided by the GDP per capita variance divided by its average. The fifteen European countries rate here far below the fifty-one U.S.A. states:&amp;nbsp;4,6 against&amp;nbsp;7,7 (see figure 4.3). Indicating that variability is far greater in the U.S.A. (1,7 times ) than in Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGOS-P9lJ94/TygO_KuHV8I/AAAAAAAAAvM/m3qXo2jzhLs/s1600/5.2.4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="314" sda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGOS-P9lJ94/TygO_KuHV8I/AAAAAAAAAvM/m3qXo2jzhLs/s320/5.2.4.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"&gt;IV. CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The example of the U.S.A. indicates that it should come as no surprise that the economic convergence of some poorer European countries has been slow in some cases (Portugal) and practically non-existent in others (Greece).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Two hundred years of economic, monetary and political union were not able to achieve that convergence in the U.S.A.: South Carolina, Mississippi and West Virginia stand out as the most important non-convergence cases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;However, what is most surprising is that, at present, economic divergence is greater in the U.S.A. than in Europe (figure four).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;That indicates that contrary to the wide spread belief, time and transfers of central funds will not do it all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Thus the conclusion that the sole way of achieving and speeding up the process of economic convergence, is through structural reforms in the economy of each state or country. Without them, all regions may equally benefit from the transfer of central funds, but in the end, some will be more equal than others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 78%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3333ff;"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt; Purchasing Power Parity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3333ff;"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt; Most recent data available for international comparisons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3333ff;"&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt; The Gini Index ranges from zero (total economic convergence, that is, no difference in GDP per capita) to one (total economic divergence, very large GDP per capita differences among states or countries). So, the higher the value of the index, the greater the difference in GDP per capita. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-1888430722791492641?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/1888430722791492641/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=1888430722791492641&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/1888430722791492641'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/1888430722791492641'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5_8368.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vN-GlG9pQBo/TygG_vNK9mI/AAAAAAAAAu8/pWQGS9lXMfQ/s72-c/5.2.1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-2242225689137011206</id><published>2009-06-16T09:45:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-02-17T09:23:33.996-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0);font-size:130%;" &gt;5.3. COMPARING DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICAL MODELS WITHIN EUROPE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SUMMARY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. There is not one, but &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;two&lt;/span&gt; different European models.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;2. One is a &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;continental, napoleonic&lt;/span&gt; model, which can be found in Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;3. The other is an &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;insular, Anglo-Saxon&lt;/span&gt; model to be found in countries such as the UK and Ireland.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;4. The &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;difference&lt;/span&gt; between these two models respect &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;three aspects&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;4.1 &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Stability&lt;/span&gt; versus legislation / regulation intensity;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;4.2 &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Equilibrium&lt;/span&gt; (balance) versus &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;price/cost focus&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;4.3. &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Economic freedom&lt;/span&gt; versus &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;regulation&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;5. The choice between stability and instability; between balance and unbalance; and economic freedom and regulation; is translated into very different levels of benefits for &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;four types stakeholders&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;5.1 &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Patients&lt;/span&gt; (in cost and access to innovation);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.2 &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Industry&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;economy&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;br /&gt;5.3 &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Public&lt;/span&gt; pharmaceutical &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;costs&lt;/span&gt; (ambulatory plus hospital); and&lt;br /&gt;5.4 &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Tax payers&lt;/span&gt; effort (in administrative and non pharmaceutical health costs).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. The bottom line is: it pays off to abstain from 1) intensive regulation (but rather to achieve &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;stability&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;); and 2) from focusing predominantly on price/cost (but rather to achieve equilibrium).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;7. So, the &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;best road &lt;/span&gt;to society well-being in general, including protecting patients interests in the average and long run, is through 1) economic freedom, 2) stability and 3) balance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;I.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;The first difference&lt;/span&gt; between the continental / napoleonic / complex model, and the insular model is in terms of &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;stability&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Indeed, Germany, Spain, Portugal, etc, experience a regulation intensiveness which is incompatible with &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;stability&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;figure one&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;On the contrary both the UK and Ireland have a simpler and thus a&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt; stabler model&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1C1xQ25RI/AAAAAAAAABU/JOANHlvukzM/s1600-h/measures.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218901034716816658" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1C1xQ25RI/AAAAAAAAABU/JOANHlvukzM/s400/measures.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;II.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;The second difference&lt;/span&gt; respects the degree &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;of balance&lt;/span&gt; achieved by government policies, which must be compatible and obtain an &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;equilibrium&lt;/span&gt; among (&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;in figure two&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;First)&lt;/span&gt;: Control of public pharmaceutical expenditure in both the &lt;blockquote&gt;1.1 ambulatory; and&lt;br /&gt;1.2 hospital.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Second):&lt;/span&gt; Patients protection:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;2.1 Cost; and&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Access to innovation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third):&lt;/span&gt; Competitiveness of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;3.1 Industry; and thus of&lt;br /&gt;3.2 The economy (balance of payments, etc); and&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Fourth):&lt;/span&gt; Tax payers:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;4.1 Administrative costs to control the pharmaceutical industry; and&lt;br /&gt;4.2 Non pharmaceutical health costs (nursing, doctors, length of hospital internment, etc.) which compensate pharmaceutical consumption: below a certain level of the latter, the former increase; indeed there is a negative empirical, statistical relation between them.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1D1O6bEwI/AAAAAAAAABc/l8tWDakqKHY/s1600-h/figuretwo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218902125007540994" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1D1O6bEwI/AAAAAAAAABc/l8tWDakqKHY/s400/figuretwo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;III.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(0,153,0)"&gt;insular model&lt;/span&gt; achieves an &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;equilibrium, a balance&lt;/span&gt;, among these four types of variables.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;continental model &lt;/span&gt;focuses predominantly on price/cost measures to control public pharmaceutical expenditure (variable 1 in figure two), disregarding the other variables. Thus, it is an &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;unbalanced model&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed (figure three), Germany, Spain and Portugal took from 1993 henceforth more price/cost measures than the EU average, and much more than UK and Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1EtUepfzI/AAAAAAAAABk/qSKYOSNLVxI/s1600-h/figurethree.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218903088574332722" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1EtUepfzI/AAAAAAAAABk/qSKYOSNLVxI/s400/figurethree.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;IV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So we have basically two models, which are different in terms of two characteristics:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;- The degree of stability; and the&lt;br /&gt;- balance they achieve (figure four).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1FcJDBFnI/AAAAAAAAABs/Q-DDGrmYupM/s1600-h/figurefour.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218903892959499890" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1FcJDBFnI/AAAAAAAAABs/Q-DDGrmYupM/s400/figurefour.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;V.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The result is that society (and thus patients interests in the average and long term), are worse off in the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;continental&lt;/span&gt; than in the insular model.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, countries which adopted the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(0,153,0)"&gt;insular&lt;/span&gt; model (UK and Ireland) are better off than Germany, Spain and Portugal (adopters of the continental model): as demonstrated by figure five.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1GEdmn04I/AAAAAAAAAB0/8ein9Ktyo2Y/s1600-h/figurefive.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218904585672315778" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1GEdmn04I/AAAAAAAAAB0/8ein9Ktyo2Y/s400/figurefive.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;VI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In conclusion, we have two different models with two very different results. &lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;The choice is clear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-2242225689137011206?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/2242225689137011206/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=2242225689137011206&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2242225689137011206'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2242225689137011206'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5_2727.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SG1C1xQ25RI/AAAAAAAAABU/JOANHlvukzM/s72-c/measures.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-5131110342282278072</id><published>2009-06-16T09:44:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-02-17T09:23:24.107-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0);font-size:130%;" &gt;5.4. DELIVERING THE LETTER TO GARCIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;There are several wars in this world of ours: between men and women, which are condemned to misunderstand each other since they want different things: men want women and women want… men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another war is between rich and poor. And then a third one is between those driving a Ferrari and those who say: I shall still be driving a Ferrari too (on the same side); and those who on the contrary say: you shall be walking by foot, as I do, some day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Father António Vieira, the great Portuguese thinker of the 17th Century, distinguished between two kinds of people: those of the steps (passos) and those of the court (paço). The former attack the ball at a penalty kick with all their strength. The latter, face to face with the ball, opt for theorizing about how to do penalty kicks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The former are “can do Joes” following Nike’s slogan: “Just do it”… they are those which… deliver the letter to Garcia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SHci7WjEU7I/AAAAAAAAAD8/f7u9yHurqSA/s1600-h/hubard.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221680696019669938" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SHci7WjEU7I/AAAAAAAAAD8/f7u9yHurqSA/s400/hubard.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us give the word to the marvellous leaflet by Elbert Hubbard (40 million copies):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;“When war broke between the USA and Spain, the leader of the Cuban revolutionaries, general Garcia, had its base in the mid of the Cuban mountains but nobody knew for sure, where.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There was no way to communicate with him by mail, telegraph, whatsoever. The USA President, MacKinley, had to obtain, urgently, its cooperation. But: what to do?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MacKinley called for Rowan (an assistant to him) and gave him a letter to deliver to Garcia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rowan took the letter and put it in his pocket. Four days later he disembarked from a small boat in the Cuban coast. He went into the wilderness. And three weeks afterwards, he appeared on the other side of the island, after having crossed at foot an hostile country and having delivered the letter to… Garcia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the point I wish to stress: President MacKinley gave a letter to Rowan for him to deliver it to Garcia. Rowan took the letter and did not ask: where can I find him?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a man whose figure should be engraved in bronze and put in all the schools of the world. The youth needs neither book learning, nor vague instruction on this and that, but rather to temper their nerves, be loyal, act promptly, concentrate energies and deliver the letter to Garcia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is no one who has not felt frustrated and demoralized in some occasions in the face of men he/she relied upon, only to find in them inaptitude and lack of will to focus on and finish a given task.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You, dear reader, try it. Call an employee and ask him: “please, be as kind as to check on an encyclopedia and write a brief note on the life of Correggio”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The employee will look at you, with dum, lifeless eyes, and throw a long list of questions such as:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Who was Correggio?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Which &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;encyclopedia do you recommend I look into? &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Where is the encyclopedia? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Are you sure you do not mean Bismarck? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Why didn’t you ask this from Carlos? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Is he already dead? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;How urgent is it? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Shall I bring the encyclopedia for you to take a look?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;What is it for? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;When I started working here, I thought you would be giving me different types of tasks… &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Recently, I did hear statements of sympathy for those who unemployed look for an honest job.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However no word was said, nobody mentioned the boss who ages before time, trying in vain that his/her employees perform a diligent and intelligent job, in a daily struggle against those who do absolutely nothing as soon as he/she turns the back on them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every shop, every company, are constantly depurating itself from the bad elements. The boss, in order for business to prosper must let go some elements and hire new ones. The incompetent and unworthy will always be asked to leave. It is in the boss own interest to keep the best those who can deliver the letter to Garcia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did I express myself to harshly? Perhaps. But while most show pity for those who fail, my sympathy goes to those who prevail, against all odds, &lt;strong&gt;those who make things happen&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To the men who when given a letter to Garcia, obediently takes it, asks no unnecessary questions and just delivers it, this men never will be without a job and he needs not to go on strike to ask for better salaries. My heart is thus, with this type of man. It is of these men that civilization needs and progress is made of.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Moral of the history? Two.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;First:&lt;/em&gt; this is the explanation for the failure of communism. Asks E. Hubbard: “If men lack diligence, what will they do when benefits are to be shared by all?”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: very little as M. Tatcher put it: “There were two systems and two results. It is not with impunity that one ignores human nature.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Second:&lt;/em&gt; between progress and misery stands only those who every single day, make a point of being, not part of the problem, &lt;strong&gt;not even&lt;/strong&gt; of the landscape, &lt;strong&gt;but of&lt;/strong&gt; the solution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Their daily motto is “if there is a will there is a way”. They follow the marines as they say: “nothing will happen during my watch”. And they understand what Lord Nelson transmitted to the British sailors of Trafalgar: “Great Britain expects that each one will do his duty.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Military? No. Neither military, nor civilian. Just a fundamental attitude before life. These men are the true civilization heroes, anonymous or well known, rich or poor, bosses or employees. Because they assure that every single day will bring progress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By delivering the letter to Garcia, these men are those the Bible has in its mind when it says: “By their fruits, you shall recognize them” (Mateus 7:16).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-5131110342282278072?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/5131110342282278072/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=5131110342282278072&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/5131110342282278072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/5131110342282278072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5_5493.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SHci7WjEU7I/AAAAAAAAAD8/f7u9yHurqSA/s72-c/hubard.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-3647748140790497768</id><published>2009-06-16T09:43:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T07:57:37.597-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-size: 130%;"&gt;5.5. SOCIALISM (IN AMERICAN POLITICS), THE MEANING OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF ITS POWER, FROM EUROPE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now&lt;/strong&gt; that both, charges of socialism have entered the American political lexicon and economic freedom is under attack, it seems to be an excellent time to: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;- Reflect on the concept of economic freedom; and&lt;br /&gt;- analyze some (European) data on its power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;The Concept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Economic freedom finds its counterpart, its equivalent, in the political arena, in democracy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That is why economic democracy is frequently a synonym for economic freedom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Democracy means essentially power to the people. Economic freedom, signifies power to the consumer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In politics, we have parties. In the market, there are firms. In politics we must have free flow of information. In markets, we require transparency, that is competition based on 1) price and/or 2) quality and/or 3) delivery and not on other factors: “reasons that reason ignores”, as Camões, the Portuguese national poet said. In politics we have % of votes. In the economy, the name of the game is market share. Political parties gain power. Companies seek profits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;Democracy, economic freedom and regulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Since my freedom ends where that of others start, it is rather obvious that &lt;strong&gt;in order to have political freedom we need a minimum of laws and rules&lt;/strong&gt;. Otherwise the strong will have more freedom than the weak. Power will concentrate. Power will lead to power. And dictatorship (or dominant power) will follow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the old saying that “eternal vigilance is the price of freedom” (Wendell Phillips).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vigilance in the economic arena receives the name of (a certain degree of) regulation (and antitrust). Simply, to assure 1) high levels of competition; 2) with transparency (based on price/quality/delivery).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, hands off does not guarantee either political or economic freedom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sure, that too much regulation will stifle both. Just as too little will replace democracy and markets with jungles. Where everything goes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here, as frequently (Aristotle) “the virtue lies in the middle: not at either extremes”. In just the enough amount of regulation (for economic freedom) and laws (for political democracy).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And of course that, when thinking about the recent financial crisis, we should always keep in mind that &lt;strong&gt;banks are very special institutions&lt;/strong&gt;. Different from all others. From consumer products companies to industrial goods manufacturers. Banks create (and destroy) money: the so called money/credit multiplier. Then they also receive deposits. And they manage pensions. Not like my beer supplier or favorite hotel chain. That is, banks are different institutions and different institutions require different policies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;The sources of economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, what does economic freedom (democracy) depend upon?&lt;/strong&gt; (Just) enough regulation. Low state and taxation (both are coercive powers). Free labor markets. A good justice system (a country without a fast justice is not free). Free international trade. Low corruption. Low black markets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these variables are &lt;strong&gt;summarized in the Economic Freedom Index&lt;/strong&gt; (of the Heritage Foundation). That index rates countries all over the world in terms of economic freedom. The 2011 index has&amp;nbsp;Hong Kong&amp;nbsp;as the freer and North Korea as the worst (179th).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;The power of economic freedom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But does (economic) freedom really work?&lt;/strong&gt; Does it pay off? What does the empirical data say?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure one,&lt;/strong&gt; next, shows the relation between economic democracy and GDP per capita. The relation is statistically significant. As can be seen, freer countries are also richer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bcYNfkudN2M/Tx7RyQwGjGI/AAAAAAAAAts/pX4w6tZtV14/s1600/5.5.1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bcYNfkudN2M/Tx7RyQwGjGI/AAAAAAAAAts/pX4w6tZtV14/s320/5.5.1.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;And&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;what about if we compare (economic) freedom with &lt;strong&gt;(country) competitiveness&lt;/strong&gt; (not GDP per capita as above).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The International Institute for Management Development in Switzerland publishes a list of the more and less competitive countries in the world. The relation between this (competitiveness index) and the (economic freedom index) of Heritage Foundation is also statistically significant as the figure two, next, shows, meaning that the (economic) freer and most competitive countries share the top of both indexes. Just as the less free and less competitive are the same, are at the bottom in both indexes, too. Thus, the conclusion: competitiveness and economic freedom are related.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UkdLWKXTN84/Tx7SYOlvcII/AAAAAAAAAt0/pXXQtXzvs2A/s1600/5.5.2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="245" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UkdLWKXTN84/Tx7SYOlvcII/AAAAAAAAAt0/pXXQtXzvs2A/s320/5.5.2.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Small countries?&lt;/strong&gt; Take Portugal, Ireland, Iceland and Luxembourg. Again there is a strong relation between economic democracy and GDP per capita (figure three).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-87GvFwmgttQ/Tx7SlQKhJrI/AAAAAAAAAt8/cKF9WqBrD8o/s1600/5.5.3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="241" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-87GvFwmgttQ/Tx7SlQKhJrI/AAAAAAAAAt8/cKF9WqBrD8o/s320/5.5.3.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;And if we compare &lt;strong&gt;just two countries?&lt;/strong&gt; Portugal and Ireland, for instance? Well nineteen&amp;nbsp;years ago both those countries had similar GDPs per capita. Then Ireland underwent a freedom revolution in the middle and late nineties. Portugal on the contrary passed from a ranking of 38th (in 1995) to 46th (in 2004) to 69th (in 2011) in the economic freedom index. The result? Figure four speaks for itself: the GDP per capita of Ireland is now 162 % that of Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8Zu01hQcjNA/Tx7S_L7D55I/AAAAAAAAAuE/Kuc8B9PLWlo/s1600/5.5.4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8Zu01hQcjNA/Tx7S_L7D55I/AAAAAAAAAuE/Kuc8B9PLWlo/s320/5.5.4.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comparing industry to industry?&lt;/strong&gt; Well, let’s take the case of the pharmaceutical industry where Ireland has lower taxation, companies enjoy greater freedom in setting the prices, etc. Again twenty three years ago the pharmaceutical industry of both countries, Portugal and Ireland, were similar. Today? Let us just let figure five speak. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1oNbSzoJ_rc/Tx7TIYw3lRI/AAAAAAAAAuM/AZzo9xcPYlE/s1600/5.5.5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="239" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1oNbSzoJ_rc/Tx7TIYw3lRI/AAAAAAAAAuM/AZzo9xcPYlE/s320/5.5.5.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;I do not wish to burden your time, so let’s just extract together a few major conclusions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First:&lt;/strong&gt; economic freedom &lt;strong&gt;is not zero regulation&lt;/strong&gt;, but rather high levels of competition in the markets. With transparency what requires a minimum amount of regulation. Just as political democracy in order to work demands a few laws.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second:&lt;/strong&gt; economic &lt;strong&gt;freedom works&lt;/strong&gt;. It pays off. It creates wealth. Where freedom is scarce, prosperity is absent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third:&lt;/strong&gt; consequently, economic freedom is a supreme (important) value. But that does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; mean that it is the only, &lt;strong&gt;single, one&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Stability&lt;/strong&gt; is also important. Just as solidarity. So, after a certain (high) level of the first, room must be made for the latters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourth:&lt;/strong&gt; Capitalism has defects? My friends: please..., tell me something perfect in this world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The bottom line is simple. As the data (that is, reality) shows, we better rather live with the defects of capitalism than with the virtues (?) of state economies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In other words, capitalism is the worst economic system, with the obvious exception, of all others. Of course.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-3647748140790497768?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/3647748140790497768/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=3647748140790497768&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3647748140790497768'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/3647748140790497768'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5_16.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bcYNfkudN2M/Tx7RyQwGjGI/AAAAAAAAAts/pX4w6tZtV14/s72-c/5.5.1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-4117546496555982278</id><published>2009-06-16T09:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-08T10:31:18.864-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-size: 130%;"&gt;5.6. INTERVIEW ABOUT THE PORTUGUESE INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC FREEDOM, PUBLISHED IN THE NEWSPAPER VIDA ECONÓMICA IN SEPTEMBER 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6wgc4jFbI/AAAAAAAAALM/m5je2yKidhk/s1600-h/5.6.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5277849884880475570" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6wgc4jFbI/AAAAAAAAALM/m5je2yKidhk/s400/5.6.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 290px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PORTUGAL PERDE LIBERDADE NA ECONOMIA &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;A perda de liberdade económica prejudica a competitividade. Esta é a opinião de Jorge Vasconcellos e Sá, presidente do Instituto de Liberdade Económica. &lt;br /&gt;Segundo o índice da Heritage Foundation, o nosso país passou do 46.º para o 53.º lugar a nível mundial. Segundo Jorge Vasconcellos e Sá, a fiscalidade, a falta de liberdade no mercado laboral e o peso do Estado na economia são factores que determinam a perda de liberdade económica. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vida Económica - Que importância tem a liberdade económica sobre o desenvolvimento dos países?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá&lt;/strong&gt; - Há uma relação fortíssima (a nível estatístico com zero de probabilidade de ser devida ao acaso) entre a liberdade económica e a competitividade dos países (ou PIB per capita, se se preferir). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os países mais competitivos (nos índices internacionais como do IMD ou World Economic Forum) são também os mais livres economicamente (de acordo com o índice da Heritage Foundation). E vice-versa: a falta de liberdade (democracia) económica cria a pobreza: Os países piores no primeiro índice, são também os piores no segundo. Em síntese a liberdade económica funciona. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um outro aspecto importante, é que a liberdade económica também está ligada à transparência. Os países melhores na liberdade (de acordo com o índice da Heritage Foundation) são também os menos corruptos (de acordo com o índice de Transparência Internacional). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que se compreende: quanto menos liberdade económica, mais estado (que é um poder coercivo, de força e cujos serviços são monopólio, em vez da concorrência entre privados em que só compra quem quer). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora o Estado atrai, facilita, a corrupção porque quem decide (o funcionário publico) não é quem paga (o contribuinte). Isto não tem a ver com a honestidade das pessoas tem a ver com o sistema. Um empresário privado se for corrupto prejudicando a sua empresa paga do seu bolso. No Estado ... só sofre na consciência. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em síntese, quanto mais democracia económica, mais competitividade e menos corrupção: Faz sentido. E é assim, na prática, estatisticamente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Os problemas sentem-se mais ao nível de obstáculos ao início na actividade ou no condicionamento dos agentes económicos que já estão em actividade? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; Ambos porque os primeiros querem fazer pela 1.ª vez (iniciar). E os segundos querem continuar a fazer (na sua actividade). Em comum ambos têm o querer fazer. Mas como, sem liberdade? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Em que sectores de actividade se sentem mais as restrições à liberdade económica? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; É transversal à economia portuguesa mas há algumas anedotas: Veja-se o caso do sector do ambiente. Em tempos o objectivo era privatizar. Depois passou a ser empresarializar. O que é isto? Eu traduzo: Nós, Estado, (onde os "boys" têm "jobs") ficamos com 51% do capital das empresas (para mandar). V.Exas (os privados) ficam com 49% para porem dinheiro, trazerem o know-how e oferecerem o trabalho. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um belo acordo. O resultado está à vista. Basta comparar os índices portugueses de sanidade e ambiente com os da Europa. E a comparação a fazer aqui não é com o passado porque entretanto se fez chover enormes maquias vindas da UE. A comparação tem que ser com os outros países no presente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há depois uma série de mercados “faz de conta”, virtuais (p.e. a electricidade), ou de dúbia (no mínimo) concorrência, os combustíveis. O leitor que comece a fazer uma lista dos sectores onde falta a concorrência e rapidamente chegará a largas dezenas. Experimente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - A actuação de organismos como a ASAE ou a DGCI pode restringir a liberdade das empresas e dos cidadãos? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; À partida, não. À chegada, sim. À partida não porque eles limitam-se a implementar as leis ( e estas sim, em número e conteúdo, é que restringem a liberdade). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;À chegada sim, se esses organismos não aplicarem as leis com bom senso e equilíbrio e sim com excesso de zelo e abuso de poder. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há entidades em Portugal (e falo em termos genéricos) que parecem liderados por complexados, que procuram superar o seu sentimento de inferioridade pelo excesso de exercício de poder junto do semelhante. Substituem a lei pela arbitrariedade. O servir pelo perseguir. Porque tem um complexo de inferioridade em vez do sentido do dever. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - As restrições à liberdade económica podem comprometer a liberdade em outros domínios, nomeadamente, a liberdade política de movimentação, ou mesmo de pensamento? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; Naturalmente. A falta de liberdade (democracia) económica é antes de mais um imposto sobre o desenvolvimento. Depois um risco para a corrupção (à medida que o Estado estende os seus tentáculos). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E finalmente um obstáculo à democracia (liberdade) política. Porque o dinheiro corrompe. E o muito dinheiro (seja ele de monopólios públicos ou privados) corrompe muito. Dê-me um exemplo de uma verdadeira democracia política onde os mercados sejam controlados pelo Estado ou grandes empresas privadas em vez de verdadeira concorrência? Não uma democracia faz de conta, mas onde haja na realidade liberdade de expressão, organização e accountability do poder político. Um exemplo, por favor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Os condicionalismos à liberdade económica são deliberados ou resultam mais do mau funcionamento do processo legislativo e do peso excessivo do Estado?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; Há duas causas fundamentais. Primeira: o poder sobe à cabeça. E daí muitos governantes resistirem a tudo excepto às ... tentações (O. Wilde). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Segunda: uma questão de mentalidade. Em alguns países se uma empresa é do Estado é nossa, é boa. E liberdade económica são monopólios privados. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora a 1.ª coisa não é verdade, porque muitas vezes quem controla o Estado não são os cidadãos, são os partidos e o seu clientelismo. Que de 4 em 4 ou 5 em 5 anos é despedido. Apenas para mudar. E, no entretanto ... &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E a segunda coisa também não é verdade. Embora, alguns políticos e clientelas para terem emprego nas empresas públicas, procurem convencer as pessoas que a liberdade económica é igual a monopólios privados. Convém-lhes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando de facto é o oposto. Liberdade económica é concorrência, é o consumidor ter escolha, ser soberano, mandar e não o come e cala. Liberdade económica é democracia económica. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ou seja, a 1.ª coisa está errada (as empresas do Estado são automaticamente nossas). E a 2.ª (liberdade económica são monopólios) também está. O resto? O resto está certo ... &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Permita-me repetir: liberdade económica é: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1)entre empresas privadas (para evitar a “eficiência e transparência” do Estado); &lt;br /&gt;2)concorrência (não monopólios ou posições dominantes); e &lt;br /&gt;3)com base no preço, qualidade e entrega (não em “outros” factores, “razões” que a razão desconhece). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por isso há tanta mais liberdade económica quanto menos burocracia, empresas públicas, impostos, corrupção, mercado negro, lentidão na justiça, barreiras ao comércio e intervenção governamental por tudo e por nada. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quanto menos disto, mais as empresas concorrem. Quanto mais elas concorrem mais o consumidor é soberano e há democracia económica. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que o Estado tem que garantir é grandes níveis de concorrência e transparência. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que implica deitar para o caixote do lixo a patética política dos campeões nacionais. Para muitos produtos (do supermercado à banca de retalho) o mercado relevante é o nacional, não o europeu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E o mercado dever ser regulamentado (sim), mas q.b. (quanto baste) para evitar abusos de poder pelas grandes empresas (em cartel), falta de transparência (na publicidade, etc.) ou assunção de riscos a roçar a fraude (hipotecas subprime).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-size: 130%;"&gt;5.7. PORTUGAL HAS LACK OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM,INTERVIEW PUBLISHED IN THE NEWSPAPER VIDA ECONÓMICA IN MAY 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wO2DoBnPnQo/TkAH8SyFiII/AAAAAAAAApw/6oBRX_ucORY/s1600/Entrevista.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638515465883322498" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wO2DoBnPnQo/TkAH8SyFiII/AAAAAAAAApw/6oBRX_ucORY/s200/Entrevista.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 148px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Um desastre destas proporções – uma economia abrilista que não consegue sobreviver sem os balões de oxigénio do FMI, apesar de inserida no bloco económico mais rico do mundo (em valor absoluto), beneficiando da moeda única e recebendo até 2,5% de fundos líquidos de Bruxelas –, uma catástrofe económica destas, dizia, não tem obviamente apenas uma causa. Tem várias. Entre elas, a falta de liberdade económica”, afirma Jorge Vasconcellos e Sá, MBA Drucker School, PhD da Universidade de Columbia, Cátedra Jean Monnet, livre-docente na Universidade Técnica, presidente do Instituto Português de Liberdade Económica e presidente da Vasconcellos e Sá Associados, SA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vida Económica - Que opinião tem relativamente à geração actual dos economistas? É muito diferente da anterior?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Há dois aspectos. A maioria (nem todos) dos economistas estão hoje reduzidos à condição de simples comentadores e totalmente incapazes de desenvolver quaisquer políticas. É como se analisassem um jogo de ténis pelo marcador, em vez de pelas tácticas dos jogadores.&lt;br /&gt;Porquê? Porque perderam os instrumentos para actuarem (e não se actualizaram para aprender outros): a política cambial; a política monetária; e (também em grande parte) a política orçamental e de preços e rendimentos. O que resta pois de verdadeiramente importante? A gestão. Que para muitos economistas sempre foi uma caixa negra. &lt;br /&gt;Por (em segundo lugar), sempre a terem desprezado, dado (na opinião deles) não ter o formalismo da economia, e ser assim uma ciência menor. &lt;br /&gt;O que é obviamente um duplo erro. Pela acusação infundada: basta ver a elevada percentagem de artigos científicos, empíricos, nas melhores revistas académicas de gestão. &lt;br /&gt;E a esquizofrenia de não reconhecer as suas próprias debilidades: muitos artigos económicos não passam de meras construções abstractas, matemáticas, “baseadas em pressupostos de vacas redondas para assim se resolver a crise do leite”. &lt;br /&gt;E onde qualquer semelhança com a realidade é pura coincidência: mercados perfeitos; agentes racionais; etc.etc.&lt;br /&gt;Resultado? Uma ciência económica extremamente débil. Com as consequências que todos sentimos. Remeto o leitor para um filme (Inside job) sobre o papel dos economistas (e não só) na crise do subprime.&lt;br /&gt;Dito isto, importa salientar que as generalizações são odiosas. O retrato de cima não se aplica obviamente a todos os economistas. &lt;br /&gt;Basta ver a série de medidas concretas que os autores do livro (Portugal e o futuro) de homenagem ao Professor Ernâni Lopes apresentam. Mas eles são (algumas das) excepções à regra. Há mais. Mas são excepções. Não são a regra. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Catroga disse recentemente que a geração de economistas dos últimos 15 anos "só fez porcaria", como comenta? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Não quero ser desagradável. Pelo que creio ter dito o suficiente na resposta à pergunta anterior. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Se tivermos em conta que o futuro de Portugal passa necessariamente pelos economistas, de quem estaremos a falar? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Não concordo. Portugal não precisa de economistas. Precisa sim, de economia. O que é diferente.&lt;br /&gt;Portugal precisa de produtividade, a qual depende sobremaneira da gestão. Não há países subdesenvolvidos. Há países subgeridos (Drucker).&lt;br /&gt;Quantos prémios nóbeis de economia ganhou a Singapura? E no entanto é o 6º país mais rico do mundo. E Hong Kong que é o 12º? E a Suíça que é o 16º? Ou a Austrália e a Holanda que são respectivamente o 17º e 18º? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - A situação difícil por que Portugal está a passar é culpa dos economistas ou de outros factores, entre os quais a falta de liberdade económica? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Um desastre destas proporções, - uma economia abrilista que não consegue sobreviver sem os balões de oxigénio do FMI, apesar de inserida no bloco económico mais rico do mundo (em valor absoluto), beneficiando da moeda única e recebendo até 2,5% de fundos líquidos de Bruxelas -, uma catástrofe económica destas, dizia, não tem obviamente apenas uma causa. Tem várias. Entre elas, a falta de liberdade económica. &lt;br /&gt;Os países que estão no topo do índice da liberdade económica (Hong Kong, Singapura, Austrália, Suíça, EUA, etc.), são também os mais ricos do mundo em PIB per capita: Hong Kong (12º), Singapura (6º), Austrália (17º), Suíça (16º), EUA (10º), etc.. E os piores num, também são piores noutro: Zimbabué, Coreia do Norte, etc. &lt;br /&gt;A correlação entre o índice de liberdade económica e o PIB per capita dos 55 países mais ricos do mundo é altíssima (0,74) e estatisticamente significativa a zero por cento, indicando que há zero por cento de probabilidade da relação se dever ao acaso. &lt;br /&gt;E é simples de ver porquê. Liberdade económica significa concorrência, em que 1) cada empresa é incentivada a dar o seu melhor; 2) as companhias que fazem um mau trabalho e destroem valor são afastadas do mercado; e 3) quem manda é o consumidor, com a sua soberania relativamente ao preço, qualidade e entrega. Não há tachos. Há uma meritocracia. Como dizia o povo: “quem não trabuca, não manduca”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - A falta de liberdade económica continua a ser um dos maiores obstáculos ao desenvolvimento do país?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Sem dúvida. E defender o contrário é um “barrete” que muitos políticos continuam a enfiar aos portugueses, criando-lhes medo da liberdade económica. Tudo por um outro medo, esse sim real, mas deles, dos políticos. O medo de perderem o seu emprego (ou avenças) nas empresas do estado. Ou a não ficarem bem na “fotografia” numa sociedade de mérito, onde vigore uma sã concorrência. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É claro que também há alguns “cómicos Alis” (lembrando o ministro da propaganda de Saddam Hussein), que insistia na vitória a partir do terraço do hotel onde já se avistavam as tropas americanas. O primeiro-ministro devia estar ensonado quando contratou alguns para ministros, assessores, consultores, ou gestores de empresas, etc. Com o sono pensou ouvir economistas, quando na verdade eles diziam que tinham sido comunistas.&lt;br /&gt;A liberdade económica destrói o estado social? Ah, ah, ah. &lt;br /&gt;Portugal é o 62º país no ranking da liberdade económica (e nos 15 últimos anos perdeu 24 lugares). A Finlândia? é o 17º mais livre do mundo; a Suécia? é o 21º; a Noruega? é o 37º; a Dinamarca? é o 9º. E na Escandinávia não há estado social? &lt;br /&gt;Peço desculpa de ter rido. Porque a miséria que se instalou na sociedade portuguesa devido a estes vendedores de ilusões, com as famílias cheias de dívidas, a serem despejadas das suas casas, sem emprego, sem horizontes e por isso numa das maiores vagas de emigração da nossa História, não é para rir. É antes, para se fazer justiça. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - A intervenção da "troika" era mesmo necessária e inevitável? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Não gosto de me regozijar com a desgraça. Ainda que a tenha avisado. &lt;br /&gt;Mas remeto os leitores para a minha crónica de fecho neste jornal de 14 de Janeiro de 2011, onde previa no ponto quatro, a vinda do FMI. &lt;br /&gt;E mais para trás, no Portugal Europeu?, publicado em 2001, antes da agora chamada década perdida, onde o dr. Miguel Frasquilho e eu alertámos para o que aí vinha: ou Portugal fazia reformas profundas, ou iria começar (o que até aí não acontecia) a sistematicamente divergir da UE. &lt;br /&gt;Na altura, só duas outras vozes se juntavam às nossas: o dr. Medina Carreira (mais recentemente) e o Professor Ernâni Lopes (há mais tempo). Mais ninguém. &lt;br /&gt;Pelo que, o facto de um grande número de economistas vir hoje dizer “eu avisei”, diz mais sobre eles como pessoas, do que como técnicos. &lt;br /&gt;E não era difícil de prever. Como se costuma dizer “a escrita estava na parede”. Só precisa (sistematicamente) de ajuda, quem não tem juízo. Consumindo um cocktail explosivo de 1) políticas económicas erradas; 2) deterioração da ética de trabalho; 3) degradação das instituições; e 4) concorrência acrescida. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - O programa da “Troika” permite antever algumas melhorias ao nível da liberdade económica e fomento da capacidade de iniciativa? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Percorramos (ao de leve) o programa da Troika. Logo na página dois (a página um é uma introdução), ponto 1.7: redução do estado. &lt;br /&gt;Página três, 1.8: aumento do papel do ensino privado; 1.9, etc. etc. Novamente redução do estado, incluindo as empresas do sector empresarial do estado (1.16); etc. &lt;br /&gt;Segue-se no início da página 4, 1.18: contenção do aumento fiscal; &lt;br /&gt;E assim sucessivamente. &lt;br /&gt;Certo que o programa do triunvirato não é apenas de liberdade económica. Tem obviamente outras medidas: de racionalização e de justiça social nomeadamente. Mas também é. &lt;br /&gt;Porque não há doenças. Há doentes. Novamente: Portugal é no mundo o 62º país em termos de liberdade económica e em 15 anos perdeu 24 lugares. &lt;br /&gt;Donde, se as causas da crise fossem outras, externas, (por p.e. contaminação da banca pelo subprime) e Portugal fosse um país economicamente livre com uma democracia económica, as medidas seriam também naturalmente outras. &lt;br /&gt;É a diferença entre uma doença importada e interna. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Ernâni Lopes, quando era vivo, chegou a falar de algumas medidas agora anunciadas. Tinha este economista uma visão de futuro acertada? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Ernâni Lopes tinha (entre outras) duas qualidades: uma visão geral dos problemas; e coragem. &lt;br /&gt;Por isso muitas vezes pregava no deserto. &lt;br /&gt;Veja o caso do mar como fonte de vantagens competitivas. &lt;br /&gt;A estratégia de um país tem que se basear, naquilo em que pode fazer melhor que os outros. Não basta ser bom. Tem que se ser melhor.&lt;br /&gt;Pode Portugal produzir mais barato (com salários N vezes superiores ao do 3º mundo e com a ética de trabalho destruída por décadas de propaganda socialista)? &lt;br /&gt;Pode Portugal criar grandes clusters (deixando de lado as excepções) à volta das indústrias científicas quando os nossos alunos nos exames da OCDE ficam em 27º lugar contra 1º de Shangai (China), 2º da Coreia do Sul, ou 3º (Finlândia), 12º (Noruega), etc.? &lt;br /&gt;Portugal tem um petróleo e um gás natural. O petróleo é o mar (uma costa de mais de 2.000 Km, incluindo os Açores e a Madeira e uma zona marítima de 1,7 milhões de Km2). A maior europeia: donde deve apostar nos portos e plataforma logística beneficiando da localização extraordinária entre os dois blocos mais ricos do mundo e a caminho do Brasil (um dos BRICs) e Angola (o país que mais cresceu na última década); pescas e indústria dos derivados; aquacultura; minerais; biotecnologia; e energias. &lt;br /&gt;E o gás natural é o clima e beleza da natural (apesar da mão dos homens nas Brandoas), incluindo gastronomia, história e até hospitalidade. Permitindo criar um cluster de hospitalidade lato senso: turismo; residências seniores e da 3ª idade; saúde (cuidados permanentes, recuperação, check-ups e algumas áreas de ponta); produtos de alto valor acrescentado tradicionais (sob o slogan de tradição de qualidade: vinhos, queijos, charcutaria, cristais, porcelana, têxteis-lar, transformando o turista num cliente habitual e o melhor vendedor uma vez regressado ao seu país). O sector financeiro também beneficiará, com a presença da hospitalidade de qualidade em que o que conta é a receita por cliente e não a simples taxa de ocupação. &lt;br /&gt;Estes dois clusters não só chegam como são mais que suficientes. Pelas suas ramificações. E pelo tamanho do país. (Quase) tudo o resto tem um custo de oportunidade. Por ser-se bom. Mas perdemos oportunidades. Porque não é aí que somos melhores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Como avalia o papel que este economista teve na anterior intervenção do FMI em Portugal? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Os resultados (de então) estão à vista. Portugal recuperou rapidamente. De tal modo que pouco depois tinha a sua (quase) década dourada (entre 85 e 93) da convergência mais rápida de sempre com a UE: 14%. &lt;br /&gt;Depois seguiu-se o abrandamento (convergência de apenas 3% entre 93 e 2000) e finalmente a estagnação e divergência. Com Ernâni Lopes então, a pregar (quase) no deserto. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - A relativa facilidade com que Portugal inverteu a situação de crise em 1983, com o Prof. Ernâni Lopes é agora um cenário improvável face às circunstâncias actuais? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; O que conta nos remédios não é o sabor são os resultados. E estes dependem do rigor com que a terapêutica é seguida. &lt;br /&gt;Se se aplicar à terapêutica o mesmo laxismo com se fez (e alguns ainda fazem) o diagnóstico e olham para a realidade (tanto faz, mais ou menos, deixa andar), não auguro nada de auspicioso. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Se o Prof. Ernâni Lopes conduzisse agora a economia e as finanças do país, o que poderíamos esperar na cação governativa? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Rigor derivado de três coisas: coragem, leitura ímpar da realidade e também da bondade. Porque por vezes a firmeza, é a maior das bondades. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Alguns dos avanços tecnológicos conseguidos em Portugal não representam verdadeiro desenvolvimento humano, o que prejudica o crescimento? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Os homens ricos fumam charuto. Mas não é por comprarmos um charuto que nos tornamos ricos (Samuelson). Ainda para mais quando nos falta o dinheiro para a manutenção: um simples humidificador para o guardar; os fósforos para o acender. &lt;br /&gt;Dito isto, espero que não se esteja a referir à rede de auto-estradas e infra-estruturas, construídas sob o Professor Cavaco Silva. Só velhos do Restelo criticam que um país tenha um excelente elo de ligação, um corpo com um sistema nervoso que funciona. Outra coisa, é agora vir fazer auto-estradas paralelas. Se o ridículo pagasse imposto, tínhamos as contas equilibradas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - No livro "Portugal e o Futuro" encontramos boas respostas para o futuro de Portugal? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; Procurámos fazer um livro se não único, pelo menos diferente. &lt;br /&gt;A introdução só contém factos sobre a economia portuguesa desde Abril de 74, para recentrar o debate nas quatro décadas abrilistas em vez dos últimos dois anos ou até à última década. Tudo visualmente atraente com gráficos a cores, etc. &lt;br /&gt;Depois, vem o essencial do livro: oito economistas (que convidei para o efeito) respondem à pergunta: diga lá o que faria se aceitasse ser ministro? Não em termos vagos, mas medidas concretas: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…: o quê; como; e porquê. &lt;br /&gt;A conclusão sistematiza as semelhanças e diferenças. &lt;br /&gt;No todo fazendo um livro curto (+ 200 páginas) e eminentemente prático. Como certamente o professor Ernâni Lopes apreciaria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Pessoalmente, que caminho indicaria? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasconcellos e Sá:&lt;/strong&gt; É simples: 1) liberdade económica (Portugal está em 62º lugar e perdeu 24 lugares em 15 anos); 2) criação de dois clusters: mar e hospitalidade de qualidade. &lt;br /&gt;É pois simples, mas não é fácil. Porque requer coragem. E por isso tanta falta nos faz (uma vez mais) Ernâni Lopes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VE - Em seu entender quais são as razões que determinam a descida de Portugal no ranking de liberdade económica? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VS -&lt;/strong&gt; Em 2004 Portugal era o 46.º país mais (economicamente) livre do mundo: Em 2008 está em 53.º lugar. Isto é, piorou 7 lugares em quatro anos. Embora o número de países analisados tenha aumentado em apenas dois: Angola e Burundi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É útil ter-se presente que Portugal pode piorar no ranking (ordenação) da liberdade económica não só porque piora em termos absolutos, mas também (mesmo que se mantenha igual) porque os outros países melhoram mais. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora, hoje no mundo, com excepção de alguns tontos como na Venezuela, Bolívia, etc. todos caminham no sentido de maior democracia económica. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seja como for, ou porque Portugal piora (em termos absolutos) ou porque os outros melhoram mais (em termos absolutos) o resultado é o mesmo: menor competitividade. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De acordo com a Heritage Foundation as variáveis em que Portugal piorou em termos comparativos internacionais são: &lt;br /&gt;- liberdade de comércio, em que Portugal passou de 27.º para 29.º; &lt;br /&gt;- liberdade fiscal, em que Portugal passou de 122.º para 135.º; e &lt;br /&gt;- peso do estado, em que Portugal passou de 137.º para 143.º; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Convém também referir a variável “liberdade de trabalho”, em que Portugal ocupa o 129º (em 2008). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-4117546496555982278?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/4117546496555982278/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=4117546496555982278&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/4117546496555982278'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/4117546496555982278'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/5.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/ST6wgc4jFbI/AAAAAAAAALM/m5je2yKidhk/s72-c/5.6.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-4506319616479558990</id><published>2009-06-16T09:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T05:17:29.766-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VI. INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;6.1. Among the activities of our Institute are the &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;articles &lt;/span&gt;(editorial columns) and &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;diagrams&lt;/span&gt; published every two weeks in Vida Económica (one of the largest selling Portuguese economic newspapers).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;6.2. We includ here the latest &lt;strong&gt;four of each:&lt;/strong&gt; articles and diagrams. As well as &lt;strong&gt;other&lt;/strong&gt; articles on economic freedom. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;6.3. Latest &lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt;four articles&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TL3Ab_GRNB0/Tw7YeYQ5RpI/AAAAAAAAArE/7UM_kxpy-g4/s1600/1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="254" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TL3Ab_GRNB0/Tw7YeYQ5RpI/AAAAAAAAArE/7UM_kxpy-g4/s320/1.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O QUE FARIA UM GESTOR SE FOSSE PRIMEIRO-MINISTRO?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Chega à empresa e vê-a a perder dinheiro nas duas filiais: sector público e sector privado. Com balão de oxigénio dado, em último recurso, por instituições financeiras.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Que faria?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primeiro: redução urgente, draconiana de custos.&lt;/strong&gt; Não sobretudo no sector público. Nem um encapotado aumento de impostos.&lt;br /&gt;Mas orçamentação base zero; diminuição (e não aumento de 220 milhões) nos consumos intermédios; chamar os quatro maiores bancos de investimento mundiais e dar-lhes mandato para venderem todas as cerca de 400 empresas (segundo o tribunal de contas) com participação de capitais públicos (com poucas excepções); eliminar os subsídios às mais de 11 mil instituições que recebem dinheiros do erário público; extinguir as empresas municipais; instituir o veto (diktat) do ministro das finanças sobre todos os gastos do estado (como fez o Professor O. Salazar); nomear um gestor reformado (B. Azevedo? S. dos Santos?) para sugerir outras medidas para controlar e diminuir as despesas do estado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Segundo: atrair dinheiro.&lt;/strong&gt; Acabar com o AICEP e subcontratar a atracção de investimento estrangeiro e promoção das exportações, aos melhores bancos de investimento internacionais; atrair para já o investimento (em segunda casa, em depósitos bancários ou empresas) e mais tarde o retorno dos emigrantes (com IRS e IRC mínimos) para montarem os seus próprios negócios; criar incentivos para a diplomacia económica (não basta reestruturar é necessário fazer a remuneração, variável); gerar alguma folga renegociando (logo que conveniente) o prazo e taxas de juro com a troika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Terceiro: motivar os empregados.&lt;/strong&gt; Diminuindo o IRS em tudo que sejam remunerações variáveis no sector privado; legislando com justa causa os despedimentos em empresas com prejuízos, ou dois anos sucessivos de diminuição de vendas; flexibilizar totalmente a geografia e os horários nos contratos de trabalho; ligar (pelo menos 1/3) do FEF das autarquias ao montante de subcontratação aos privados; dar autoridade aos médicos sobre todo o pessoal (enfermeiros, etc.) nos seus departamentos hospitalares e interessá-los nos resultados; criar na função pública, incluindo para os professores (e enquanto não for possível aumentos), um sistema de avaliação que outorgue créditos preferenciais sobre futuros aumentos; vouchers aos alunos; penalizar os pais pelo mau comportamento/aproveitamento dos filhos nas escolas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quarto: reformar a empresa Portugal.&lt;/strong&gt; Solicitar a Bruxelas que venha uma troika para reformar o estado e seus circuitos (com benchmark com os melhores países europeus); e reformar a justiça.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quinto: dar o exemplo&lt;/strong&gt;, sendo implacável com os escândalos de isenções e excepções que diariamente chegam a todos os portugueses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por exemplo, aguarda-se um desmentido público (que aqui de bom grado reproduzirei), ou uma posição do governo, sobre a notícia de que os administradores da Erse (regulador da energia), 1) se demitiram e 2) foram para casa (durante dois anos ou até arranjarem novo emprego) a ganhar doze mil euros, 3) ao abrigo de um regime que foi aprovado pela própria Erse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No meio de isto tudo, onde estão as políticas macroeconómicas?&lt;/strong&gt; Onde merecem estar no caso português: no caixote de lixo da História. Só aplicáveis a outros países. Por isso, torna-se até penoso ver tantas entrevistas com economistas. “Qual a solução?” insiste o entrevistador. “Bem o problema é…” e lá voltam eles ao diagnóstico. Enfim, homens (e mulheres) do século passado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GfqcLIATdbI/Tw7ZwhLPcsI/AAAAAAAAArU/yOX2fXLtF2o/s1600/2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="252" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GfqcLIATdbI/Tw7ZwhLPcsI/AAAAAAAAArU/yOX2fXLtF2o/s320/2.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PORQUE O GOVERNO NÃO OUVE POUL THOMSEN (DO FMI)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No dia 16/11, o &lt;strong&gt;senhor FMI&lt;/strong&gt; foi ao canal público de televisão.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E lembrou &lt;strong&gt;McNamara&lt;/strong&gt; quando disse que, nas entrevistas seguia o princípio de que o entrevistador podia perguntar o que queria e o entrevistado tinha o direito de responder à pergunta que desejava. Tivesse ela sido feita ou não.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Às perguntas:&lt;/strong&gt; o governo pode cortar só um em vez de dois salários na função pública? O governo não é mais troikista que a troika? etc. etc., Thomsen repetiu (que eu contasse quatro vezes), que a chave são as reformas estruturais. São elas que vão decidir – vivendo Portugal acima dos seus meios e daí a dívida – se vai “diminuir de vida” (empobrecer), ou aumentar os meios (tornar-se mais produtivo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora no âmbito das reformas estruturais, o governo tem feito pouco ou nada. Pouco (p.e.) no mercado de trabalho e empresas públicas e nada (p.e.) na justiça e reforma do estado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E por isso Portugal está a caminho da Grécia e não da Irlanda.&lt;/strong&gt; Em 2012 Portugal vai (segundo o FMI) decrescer 1,8%, a Grécia 2% e a Irlanda já crescerá 1,5% (!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A explicação é simples. Todos três países apanharam uma pneumonia. Mas a Irlanda porque tem um corpo (económico) mais saudável, está a recuperar 1) mais depressa, 2) com mais força e 3) voltará a ter a energia de sempre. O mesmo não se passa com a Grécia que sempre foi um corpo doente. E Portugal tem (e tinha já antes da crise) um corpo muito mais parecido com o grego que o irlandês.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas parecido em termos de quê? Resumidamente vejamos três índices (e seus sub-índices) fortemente relacionados com o crescimento económico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primeiro: corrupção&lt;/strong&gt;. A Irlanda é (entre 183 países) o 19º mais transparente no mundo, Portugal o 32º e a Grécia o 80º.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Segundo, no índice de competitividade&lt;/strong&gt; entre 142 países, a Irlanda é 29º, no mundo, Portugal 45º e a Grécia 90º.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E (terceiro), na liberdade económica&lt;/strong&gt;. Entre 179 países, a Irlanda é o 7º mais livre, Portugal é o 69º (!) e a Grécia 88º (isto é, quase irmãos gémeos).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liberdade de negócios?: Portugal é o 37º (e a Grécia 46º) no mundo e a Irlanda é 11º. Liberdade de investimento?: Portugal é 38º, a Grécia 62º e a Irlanda 2º (!). Liberdade financeira?: Ambos Portugal e Grécia são 38º e a Irlanda é 17º. Liberdade de trabalho?: Portugal (pior que a Grécia) é 169º, a Grécia 114º e a Irlanda 37º.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por isso, após a pneumonia (que os três países apanharam por um misto de razões comuns e diferentes) a Irlanda, estruturalmente saudável recuperará a energia de sempre. A Grécia sem reformas estruturais, não. E Portugal tão-pouco.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isto é, sem ouvir a insistência de Poul Thomsen, Portugal vai-se ver grego, não irlandês.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;P.S.: Quando há uns anos a economia irlandesa (devido à crise bancária causada pelo subprime e bolha imobiliária) tropeçou, alguns economistas, que vivem nas empresas públicas à nossa custa, apressaram-se a anunciar mais que o fim do milagre irlandês, que ele era um embuste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Na altura escrevi duas coisas que aqui recordo: esperem e vão ver a Irlanda recuperar vigorosamente. Segundo, eles não são verdadeiramente economistas. O que eles são intrinsecamente, lá dentro, é comunistas. E apesar de (hoje) procurarem esconder, salta-lhes a tampa com muita facilidade. Só têm verniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GuBuh0yU7SU/Tw7a1Zz9ZpI/AAAAAAAAArc/Km-MMc00pjY/s1600/3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="220" kba="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GuBuh0yU7SU/Tw7a1Zz9ZpI/AAAAAAAAArc/Km-MMc00pjY/s320/3.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;NÃO CONTEM COM ISSO (O EXEMPLO DA IBM E PORQUE O PS TEM RAZÃO)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Correm por aí vozes&lt;/strong&gt; de que quando a economia internacional recuperar, a economia portuguesa arrancará.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não é só uma maneira de nos desresponsabilizarmos. É também um erro. De quem não sabe os tempos em que vive. De quem vive na Lalalândia do planeta Zorg.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vamos aos factos.&lt;/strong&gt; Porque “la realidad es lo que es, aunque se piense al revés”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Até ao início do milénio&lt;/strong&gt;, Portugal comportava-se como um pequeno barco à vela sem motor. Quando sopravam ventos favoráveis, crescia mais que a UE. Quando os ventos amainavam, crescia menos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De facto, durante quarenta anos, desde o início da década 60, foi este o paradigma: em 80% dos anos em que a Europa cresceu, Portugal cresceu mais que a Europa; e sempre que a Europa decresceu, Portugal decresceu ainda mais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas depois, veio o novo milénio. E em todos, todos os anos: 2002, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 10 (com excepção de 2009 em que a UE esteve em recessão), em todos os anos, &lt;strong&gt;com a Europa a crescer Portugal cresceu menos que a Europa&lt;/strong&gt;. Isto é absolutamente novo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E a probabilidade&lt;/strong&gt; de tal acontecer, isto é, de a economia portuguesa ter este comportamento nesta década, dado o das quatro décadas anteriores, é de &lt;strong&gt;um em setenta mil: 0,00001 !&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O significado disto é simples&lt;/strong&gt;: o &lt;strong&gt;paradigma&lt;/strong&gt;; o contexto em que a economia portuguesa se move, &lt;strong&gt;modificou-se&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Devido essencialmente a &lt;strong&gt;três&lt;/strong&gt; factores: a maior concorrência do leste e extremo Oriente (devido à liberalização do comércio mundial); a existência de menos ventos favoráveis (as importações alemãs e fundos europeus deslocaram-se para leste); e a deterioração interna, incluindo das instituições: privadas e públicas (ensino, etc).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pelo que a consolidação orçamental por si só não chega, é insuficiente. &lt;strong&gt;Se&lt;/strong&gt; a burocracia do estado continuar. Se as empresas públicas sugarem recursos para produzirem mediocridade. Se os municípios internalizarem, em vez de subcontratarem aos privados. Se os alunos não tiverem vouchers para despedir os maus professores. Se a lei laboral não reconhecer como justa a causa para despedimento em empresas com prejuízos em anos sucessivos, e continuar inflexível quer geográfica, quer temporalmente. Se os prémios de produtividade não tiverem uma taxa muito reduzida de IRS para estimular o desempenho. Se o IVA (de todos) não passar a ser pago com o recebimento, para acabar com o estrangulamento das empresas. Se o ministério dos negócios estrangeiros não acabar radicalmente de brincar às embaixadas e passar a atrair investimento estrangeiro a sério, (acabando com o AICEP e entregando as suas funções a três ou quatro dos maiores bancos de investimento mundiais). Se não só se acabar com o brain drain, selecção negativa, como não se atrair de regresso o melhor dos 5 milhões de portugueses no mundo registados nos consulados (dados do observatório da emigração). &lt;strong&gt;Se… Se… Se…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Se&lt;/strong&gt; isto não se fizer. E contar-se para ocorrer o crescimento económico, como necessário a consolidação orçamental e suficiente a retoma mundial, então estaremos a enganar-nos a nós próprios. A confundir os desejos com a realidade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Por isso o líder do partido socialista, António José Seguro, tem razão&lt;/strong&gt; quando no debate parlamentar sobre o orçamento disse que há que tomar medidas em &lt;strong&gt;paralelo&lt;/strong&gt; à consolidação orçamental para pôr a economia a crescer e não esperar o milagre do primeiro após o êxito no segundo. E tem razão sobre as folgas no orçamento. Elas existem porque o governo tem de precaver, não contingências externas incontroláveis, mas a sua incapacidade interna de controlar a despesa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tal como a &lt;strong&gt;IBM&lt;/strong&gt; nos finais da década de 80 e princípios de 90, (que tendo a sua indústria mudado de vertical para horizontal, em que cada empresa se especializava num estágio, ligado a outros por relações estandardizadas), ano após ano atribuiu os seus problemas à… economia mundial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Até que veio (um novo presidente) Louis Gerstner que disse: &lt;strong&gt;o problema não é o mundo, somos nós.&lt;/strong&gt; Portanto, não é o mundo que tem que melhorar. Somos nós.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E a partir daí a IBM recuperou. Desenvolveu-se. E prosperou. Até hoje.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X-WRVyVr-Lo/Tw7b_zdXwUI/AAAAAAAAArk/TBZO_-caRs8/s1600/4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="231" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X-WRVyVr-Lo/Tw7b_zdXwUI/AAAAAAAAArk/TBZO_-caRs8/s320/4.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;A RESPONSABILIDADE DE TODOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Portugal teve até recentemente &lt;strong&gt;um governo malévolo&lt;/strong&gt;. Pelas intenções, havendo a sensação que alguns pareciam confundir o interesse público com o privado. E pelos resultados, com outros não medindo as consequências dos seus actos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje, Portugal tem um governo de boa vontade. Mas que &lt;strong&gt;por si só não é suficiente&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando o problema é grave, raramente existe uma solução única. É o nosso caso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há que actuar (1º) sobre a &lt;strong&gt;despesa&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Reformar&lt;/strong&gt; (em 2º lugar) o estado. E (3º) pôr Portugal a &lt;strong&gt;crescer&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dentre estes três, o governo tem dado prioridade a… um 4º vector: o aumento de impostos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E quanto aos outros três foi sucessivamente dizendo: (1º) que demoravam mais tempo; (depois) que seriam feitos após a consolidação orçamental. E agora mais recentemente, que a recuperação económica não depende de nós, mas da “conjuntura externa”… (?!)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No caso específico do controlo da despesa tem-se actuado pouco, tarde e mal. Sai uma notícia que as reformas vitalícias dos políticos “escaparam” aos cortes da função pública? O governo diz que vai actuar. Um canal televisivo informa que há governantes com casa em Lisboa que recebem subsídio de alojamento? O governo anuncia que vai cortar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isto é, o governo em vez de estar em cima do acontecimento, dá a sensação de andar atrás do prejuízo. &lt;strong&gt;Quem no governo é responsável pela pasta da redução de custos?&lt;/strong&gt; Sejam eles maiores ou menores, já que estes somados são maiores e quando menores são exemplo que motivam?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entretanto foi noticiado que o Banco de Portugal (onde o ministro das finanças exerceu as funções de consultor), não será alvo dos cortes do 13º e 14º mês e que os consumos intermédios aumentaram 220 milhões de euros. &lt;strong&gt;Quem controla a despesa?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois, dado que não queremos apenas um estado menor, mas um estado melhor, não basta diminui-lo, há que &lt;strong&gt;reformá-lo&lt;/strong&gt;. Eliminar institutos. Proibir empresas municipais. Acabar com outras que não correspondem ao que o estado deve e sabe fazer. Juntar umas funções. Separar outras. Reformar procedimentos e regras. Refazer organogramas. &lt;strong&gt;Qual foi o gestor com provas dadas, a quem o estado entregou esta tarefa?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E fica para o fim o mais importante: evitar que Portugal se veja grego.&lt;/strong&gt; Que siga o caminho da Grécia em vez da Irlanda. Isto é, que as medidas contraccionistas, sem mais, criem um circulo vicioso em que se aumentam os impostos, para compensar a falta de materialização da receita esperada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aumentou-se meia hora de trabalho? Verdade, mas trata-se de uma solução quantitativa quando a questão é qualitativa. Portugal já trabalha mais que a média europeia. Empregados de serviços desmotivados, nada produzem. E trabalhadores de fábricas sem procura, são inúteis. O problema não é de tempo. É de produtividade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A causa comum a tudo isto é simples&lt;/strong&gt;. Os economistas estão destituídos de instrumentos: política monetária, orçamental, cambial. Resta a gestão. No estado. E no sector privado. Fazer a primeira. E estimular a segunda. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas relativamente à gestão há quem a tenha praticado. Quem a tenha estudado. Há mesmo quem tenha feito ambos. E há quem nunca (por formação e carreira) tenha feito nenhuma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pelo que a solução para tudo isto, é igualmente simples:&lt;/strong&gt; mobilizar a sociedade civil para organizadamente ajudar o governo 1) no controlo da despesa; 2) na reforma do estado; e 3) no crescimento da economia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sendo a crise de todos, a responsabilidade é também de todos. De ajudar. Ao que o governo não se pode furtar, não só de aceitar, como até de estimular. Porque não interessa quem está certo, mas o que está certo: a proveniência das ideias é irrelevante face à qualidade das soluções.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sob pena do problema então ser outro. E a solução então forçosamente também.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;6.4. &lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;Latest four diagrams&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OdCsZCOTmhk/Tw7UHrIoPVI/AAAAAAAAAqk/GGPY8UBwD94/s1600/1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="270" kba="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OdCsZCOTmhk/Tw7UHrIoPVI/AAAAAAAAAqk/GGPY8UBwD94/s400/1.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YFZnoUmEbi4/Tw7UXWrHUWI/AAAAAAAAAqs/FrEpCMKBGp0/s1600/2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="275" kba="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YFZnoUmEbi4/Tw7UXWrHUWI/AAAAAAAAAqs/FrEpCMKBGp0/s400/2.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jxHnAhr7nto/Tw7Uavi3FgI/AAAAAAAAAq0/PMTmgIP44nc/s1600/3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="273" kba="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jxHnAhr7nto/Tw7Uavi3FgI/AAAAAAAAAq0/PMTmgIP44nc/s400/3.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EUlhOatMLEU/Tw7UfYE8PWI/AAAAAAAAAq8/qtdGDISF1Ss/s1600/4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="272" kba="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EUlhOatMLEU/Tw7UfYE8PWI/AAAAAAAAAq8/qtdGDISF1Ss/s400/4.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.5. Other &lt;strong&gt;articles&lt;/strong&gt; on the subject of economic freedom:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Scj-29o_tVI/AAAAAAAAAOM/dD6fhZs0x3M/s1600-h/VE-art2.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316779580323771730" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/Scj-29o_tVI/AAAAAAAAAOM/dD6fhZs0x3M/s200/VE-art2.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 148px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;ALHOS E BUGALHOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tal como todo o relógio parado está certo duas vezes ao dia&lt;/strong&gt;, também os que criticam o capitalismo selvagem (sem nunca descreverem como é o domesticado) e os neo-liberais (sem nunca explicarem como são os sem neo, simplesmente liberais), eis que parecem finalmente estar certos. A crise financeira internacional veio aparentemente dar-lhes razão: afinal Portugal não precisa de mais liberdade económica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Só que são tontos. E querem fazer dos outros tontos. Ao misturarem alhos com bugalhos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os alhos é que de facto é necessária mais regulamentação no sector financeiro. Os bugalhos são que isso&lt;strong&gt; nada tem a ver &lt;/strong&gt;com Portugal, onde é também necessária mais liberdade económica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comecemos pelos alhos&lt;/strong&gt;. Um dos sectores onde ocorreu maior desregulamentação foi o financeiro: ainda não há muito tempo, p.e. era ilegal um banco comercial ter uma seguradora ou fazer banca de investimento. As três actividades estavam separadas, por lei. Depois veio a desregulamentação. E já se sabe como é: quando se começa um processo, o pendulum tende sempre para o extremo oposto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois, o sector financeiro foi dos que mais se transformou nos últimos tempos: com a globalização e novos produtos: swaps, derivados, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finalmente, o sector financeiro tem um efeito multiplicador ou desmultiplicador como nenhum outro. De bola de neve. De dominó. Diferente das cervejas. Ou cimento. Ou águas. Ou máquinas industriais. Ou, de tudo, em geral. Porque cria dinheiro (multiplicador do crédito). Recebe depósitos. E gere pensões.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daí ser o sector financeiro um dos que onde há muito tempo se sente a necessidade de maior regulamentação, como aliás este vosso modesto articulista e amigo tem defendido há anos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há várias áreas onde isso é necessário. Uma delas, por exemplo é a dos &lt;strong&gt;fundos de acções&lt;/strong&gt;. O Semanário Económico trazia (p.e.) em Junho de 2008 uma entrevista do gestor dos fundos DWS do &lt;strong&gt;Deutsche Bank&lt;/strong&gt;. Título: “Tomar riscos é a chave”. Por debaixo? Um estudo de uma multinacional (Morningstar) concluía que uma enorme percentagem de gestores dos fundos de acções não aposta nos seus próprios (!) produtos e conclui: “O número de gestores que não tem fé nos seus produtos é chocante”. Em casa de ferreiro, espeto de pau? Porquê? Aliás, há pouco tempo um outro gestor, por acaso também do Deutsche Bank, e numa outra entrevista, mostrava extrema confiança e profissionalismo ao dizer que não sabia se a luz que via ao fundo do túnel, não seria de um comboio que vinha em direcção contrária.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É pois claro que em várias áreas do sector financeiro desde os fundos até às hipotecas, desde a publicidade até à securitização e transmissão inter-instituições dos riscos, é necessária não muita, mas boa regulamentação... Tal como dentro de uma empresa é necessário não muitos mas bons controlos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estes são os alhos.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Os bugalhos são&lt;/strong&gt; que Portugal precisa de mais liberdade (democracia) económica. Isto é: mais concorrência e transparência nos mercados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leia-se, menos burocracia; menos (dimensão do Estado); menos impostos; menos corrupção; menos mercado negro; menos oligopólios e posições dominantes; melhor justiça; menos regulamentação em geral (desde abrir um restaurante a um supermercado, incluindo o mercado laboral e exceptuando o financeiro); e menor intervenção do Estado na economia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em 1995 Portugal era o 38º país economicamente mais livre do mundo. Em 2004 era o 46º. Hoje é o 53º (perdeu 15 lugares em 13 anos). Só entre 2004 e 2008 Portugal passou na liberdade fiscal de 122º para 135º no mundo; no peso do Estado de 137º para 143º; etc., etc. E quanto à liberdade do trabalho Portugal ocupa o 129º lugar (!) entre 157 países. É obra...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por isso, quem confunda os alhos com os bugalhos diz mais sobre si próprio, do que sobre qualquer outra coisa. E razão tinham os romanos: “&lt;strong&gt;Stultorum infinitus est numerus&lt;/strong&gt;”. Eu traduzo: o número de tontos é infinito.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E depois é claro, há o “pequeno pormenor”: procuram aproveitar-se das imperfeições (graves) do mundo para &lt;strong&gt;massajar a sua vaidade&lt;/strong&gt;: vêem, afinal, aquilo que ando a defender há mais de 30 anos, estava certo. Sou óptimo. Sou bestial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas uma perguntinha: se são óptimos, se são bestiais e se afinal têm razão, então porque é que Portugal está neste estado: consumo de antidepressivos: acima da média europeia; divórcios?: idem; acidentes de automóveis? também... etc. Por favor, expliquem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckCIT1ImeI/AAAAAAAAAOU/eIzHGrEJjdU/s1600-h/VE-9.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316783176872925666" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckCIT1ImeI/AAAAAAAAAOU/eIzHGrEJjdU/s200/VE-9.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 150px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ONDE ESTÃO OS LIBERAIS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Um ex-ministro socialista &lt;/strong&gt;saiu do governo queixando-se de que em Portugal não há liberais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se por um lado é estranho que tal queixa venha de um ex-membro de um governo... socialista, por outro, é bem verdade que o ex-ministro tem razão: &lt;strong&gt;em Portugal, não abundam os liberais&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entre os empresários alguns são herdeiros dos antigos usufrutuários do &lt;strong&gt;condicionamento industrial&lt;/strong&gt; (restrições à concorrência para garantir a viabilidade das empresas existentes). Outros compreensivelmente preferem os “&lt;strong&gt;campeões nacionais&lt;/strong&gt;” em vez do teste diário do mercado. Outros ainda, compensam a míngua de clientes, com a &lt;strong&gt;pedinchisse ao estado&lt;/strong&gt; sob variados pretextos: o país é pequeno (e Malta com 400 mil habitantes que já nos passou?), o 25 de Abril deixou raízes profundas (e o comunismo na Estónia que nos passará este ano?), etc. etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tão pouco são liberais os &lt;strong&gt;funcionários públicos&lt;/strong&gt;: 17% da população activa e 2º maior peso salarial na UE-15. Ou, a maioria dos empregados das &lt;strong&gt;366 &lt;/strong&gt;empresas com dinheiros públicos (Tribunal de Contas, 2004) que por ano perdem o equivalente a um café por dia por português. Só cinco empresas (Refer, CP, Carris, Metro, RTP) perdem o equivalente a 0,5% do PIB.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quanto ao resto é o que se sabe: &lt;strong&gt;no mercado de trabalho&lt;/strong&gt;, na &lt;strong&gt;distribuição&lt;/strong&gt;, onde os preços são superiores aos espanhóis (Dir. Geral do Comércio e Concorrência), nas &lt;strong&gt;universidades públicas&lt;/strong&gt;, onde os professores privilegiam uma relação próxima com o orçamento (do estado) e distante da concorrência (com outras universidades), etc., etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em resultado, no índice da liberdade económica (da &lt;strong&gt;Heritage Foundation&lt;/strong&gt;), Portugal vem em 53º lugar (e sendo bom de lembrar que na Europa só há 27 países...).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toda esta situação tem na raiz uma mentira: venderam aos portugueses a ideia de que liberdade económica equivale a monopólios privados. Quando é precisamente o contrário. A liberdade só existe com concorrência, a qual é precisamente o oposto dos monopólios, quer públicos, quer privados. Donde a concorrência está para a economia, como as eleições para a política. Ambas são fundamentais para a liberdade (de escolha).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sem concorrência os preços são mais altos (do que poderiam ser). Não há metabolismo celular nas empresas. Não há liberdade de escolha de produtos e empregos. E cada um não é estimulado (pelo instinto de sobrevivência) a dar o seu melhor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E para evitar o “capitalismo selvagem” a solução é acrescentar (com leis) responsabilidade à liberdade: e não matar esta. Não deitar fora o bebé com a água suje.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quem tem medo da liberdade económica? Quem tem medo de trabalhar. E como estes a evitam? Convencendo os outros que a liberdade económica é coisa má: igual a monopólios, trusts, etc. Assim não há liberdade para ninguém e não corro o risco de ela (liberdade) me apanhar...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resultado (da ausência de liberdade económica)&lt;/strong&gt;? Há 16 anos o PIB da Irlanda era mais ou menos semelhante ao de Portugal. Hoje é mais do dobro. A indústria farmacêutica exportava o mesmo em ambos os países. Hoje a da Irlanda exporta nove vezes mais. O Luxemburgo (onde 20% da população empregue é portuguesa)?: tem um PIB per capita quase quatro vezes o português.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E a liberdade económica nestes países é incomparavelmente maior que em Portugal: desde os menores impostos na Irlanda até à maior flexibilidade laboral no Luxemburgo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por isso “faz todo o sentido” (?) o comentário de vários votantes nas recentes eleições em Lisboa: este partido nada fez; o outro no passado ainda foi pior; aquele outro não nos protege. Por isso vou votar... no Partido Comunista. Ou no Bloco de Esquerda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uma pergunta:&lt;/strong&gt; quantos portugueses emigram para Cuba? Ou para a Coreia do Norte? Ou gostariam de viver na China no tempo de Mao?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Então os portugueses votam com os pés e fogem de Portugal (2% da população activa por ano) para países como a Irlanda, o Luxemburgo, Alemanha, Suíça, EUA, Canadá, Islândia (!) que são todos muito mais liberais que Portugal e nós para melhorar Portugal votamos (e queremos) o oposto?... Por favor, expliquem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316783830380713778" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckCuWViFzI/AAAAAAAAAOc/t2csFW3AupA/s200/artigo-4.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 164px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;OS NINGENTES &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Um americano&lt;/strong&gt; filho de pais portugueses, vendeu a sua empresa e instalou-se em Portugal. Para ajudar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A sua primeira iniciativa empresarial foi filmar Portugal do ar (alugando helicópteros, etc.) e fez, de longe, o livro mais bonito que já vi sobre Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Começou os contactos para o vender. Recusas: zero por cento. Aceitações: zero por cento... ?. Cem por cento de nims: “Excelente, para a semana respondemos, passam-se meses e nada. Nos EUA, dão-nos 5 minutos, apresentamos a ideia e ou é sim ou não. Cá é sempre sim e depois na prática não” (citação).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Karl Moore&lt;/strong&gt;, Professor catedrático em McGill, uma das melhores universidades do mundo, a exemplo do que faz na Finlândia e Holanda, gostaria de ter uma colaboração (gratuita) em Portugal com um diário económico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pu-lo em contacto com o director. “Excelente ideia, fantástico”. Passados uns meses? Nada. Nem sim, nem não. Nim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uma nova estação de rádio&lt;/strong&gt; regional contactou as 50 principais câmaras e empresas da região. Pretendia que subscrevessem uma percentagem do capital em troca de publicidade. Houve reuniões com todos 50 (não apenas correspondência). Dos 50? Dois disseram sim; um não. E 47 (?!), primeiro sim, depois “no pasa nada”, donde, nim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Esta gente do nim (ningentes)&lt;/strong&gt;, são muito piores que os nosayers, os do contra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porque enganam, evitando que os outros saibam as linhas com que se cosem. Pode-se viver com sims e pode-se viver com nãos. É impossível ser-se produtivo num limbo de um mundo virtual em que, qual tontos, se desconhece a realidade, a verdade dos factos. Anda-se ao engano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Porquê os nims em vez dos nãos?&lt;/strong&gt; Primeiro por cobardia (mascarada de diplomacia para acalmar as consciências). Depois por entusiasmos: alguns portugueses são como dizem os brasileiros de 7/1/7, o 7 e o 1 são parecidos mas na verdade estão nos extremos; é o famoso 8-80; são bipolares mentais. Outros ainda são irresponsáveis. Não pensam antes de abrir a boca. E se quem diz tudo o que pensa, não pensa o que diz, quem fala sem pensar, devia pensar sem falar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Qual o resultado&lt;/strong&gt; deste misto de cobardia, bipolaridade e irresponsabilidade? Por um lado a inimputabilidade: são tontos. Por outro a falta de ética. Roubam tempo aos outros, tempo esse que é o grande recurso escasso da vida, porque esta é uma história que acaba mal: acabamos todos mortos...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deficit orçamental? Importante (com reservas). Deficit externo? Fundamental. Deficit mental? A prioridade das prioridades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Essa gente em que acreditando neles, enganam os outros; essa gente para quem um compromisso não é uma dívida, mas uma história para enganar tolos; essa gente das meias tintas, do cinzento, carecem de seriedade, pessoal e profissional.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prejudicam os seus compatriotas e por isso são traidores. Arruinam a imagem externa e por isso são destrutivos. O lugar que lhes está reservado está bem descrito. Quer na Bíblia, quer por Dante. Na Bíblia: “Deus vomita o morno”. E Dante que reservou o lugar mais quente do inferno para os Pilatos da vida. E só a liberdade económica (interna) e a concorrência os pode escorraçar do mercado. Para o que são, donde vieram e donde nunca deviam ter saído: o nada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 78%;"&gt;P.S.: Vale a pena repetir aqui as perguntas feitas ao B. de Portugal e T. de Contas no âmbito do inquérito parlamentar sobre a supervisão bancária.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O tema é uma empresa chamada Finangeste em que o Banco de Portugal é o maior accionista e os outros são bancos como o BPI, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1ª pergunta: como é isto de o B. de Portugal nuns dias vestir a camisola de sócio (de outros bancos comerciais na Finangeste) e noutros a camisola de supervisor dos sócios?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2ª pergunta: tendo a Finangeste criado uma empresa dedicada à construção civil, imobiliário, etc., como é isto de o B. Portugal participar e beneficiar (ainda que indirectamente) nesses negócios?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Só em Portugal... Quem é a administração desta pérola da Finangeste? O eterno Alberto Regueira como presidente, coadjuvado por Rui Madeira, Francisco Ramalho, Helena Bebiano e Abel dos Reis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckEEjW3fhI/AAAAAAAAAOk/D9DwPR4ektg/s1600-h/VE-10.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316785311344721426" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckEEjW3fhI/AAAAAAAAAOk/D9DwPR4ektg/s200/VE-10.gif" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 146px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;SÃO PAULO E A REVOLUÇÃO PORTUGUESA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Por um lado...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sexta-feira dou uma conferência. Combino antes de almoço com o técnico de informática qual é o ficheiro da disquette a apresentar. Depois de almoço volto a rever tudo com ele. Antes de apresentar volto a confirmar. Tudo claro? Tudo bem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;... Quando começo a apresentação reparo que o técnico informático pôs outro ficheiro. Porquê? Pensei que era igual e por isso decidi... A disciplina em Portugal é uma humilhação... mas ainda recentemente um político suíço dizia que a disciplina e esforço são valores europeus...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Na manhã seguinte de sábado compro vinhos num supermercado. Chego à caixa e tenho a sensação de que... vou verificar e todas (todas!) as marcas tinham 1) o preço errado e 2) é claro (?) que mais caro na caixa do que na prateleira. A causa deste problema de reposição? Na meia hora que estive no supermercado e até chamar o gerente, os funcionários da secção de vinhos mantiveram-se sempre em amena e coloquial cavaqueira.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Por outro lado...&lt;/strong&gt; 20% da população empregue no Luxemburgo é portuguesa e produzem em cada hora de trabalho lá o que se produz em 2,7 horas cá. Donde, fariam o nosso trabalho e entrariam em fim-de-semana às 17h de 3ª feira.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É por o Luxemburgo ser uma praça financeira? Mas este representa menos de 30% do PIB luxemburguês e os portugueses emigram crescentemente para a Irlanda e até Islândia que têm 2 e 1,5 vezes a produtividade portuguesa. Ambos países marginais e não praças financeiras, pequenos, etc. etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Por terceiro lado...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando se fala com estrangeiros em Portugal, a queixa generalizada é de falta de ética de trabalho de alguns portugueses. Que têm 100 a mais e 100 a menos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;? A explicação é simples. Primeiro: em Portugal &lt;strong&gt;todos&lt;/strong&gt; vivem pior (3,8 vezes) que o Luxemburgo, 2 vezes a Irlanda, 1,8 vezes a Islândia, etc. etc. porque &lt;strong&gt;alguns&lt;/strong&gt; trabalham pior. E segundo: se alguns trabalham pior é porque o sistema lhes permite. O que é isso de sistema? É 1) a lei laboral; 2) a falta de concorrência; 3) as 366 empresas com dinheiros públicos; e 4) a gestão (?) da função pública.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Donde a necessidade de uma revolução liberal. De completar a liberdade política com a económica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E ninguém que honestamente procure fazer um bom trabalho tem algo a recear. As empresas para prosperar farão tudo, tudo, para manter os bons empregados. Os competentes. Os diligentes. Aqueles que dão descanso. Que asseguram aos outros que não têm que se preocupar e que podem ficar descansados. Porque eles asseguram o controlo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Os outros?&lt;/strong&gt; Têm todo o direito à preguiça. Mas não têm nenhum direito ao parasitismo. Preguiçosos há-os em todo o mundo. Parasitas só nalguns países. Quando o sistema o permite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proteger (a minoria de) parasitas é roubar (a maioria) dos que dia após dia diligentemente cumprem o seu dever de lealdade. Para com os colegas; os superiores hierárquicos; os accionistas; e os clientes. Ou seja, além de estúpido é uma imoralidade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que tem isto a ver com São Paulo? Nada. A não ser que na Bíblia quando lhe dizem que alguns cristãos não queriam trabalhar por estar à espera do reino dos céus, respondeu: “Não há problema. Tudo bem. Quem não quiser trabalhar, que também não coma” (2ª epístola aos Tessalonicenses, cap. 3, p. 2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-4506319616479558990?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/4506319616479558990/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=4506319616479558990&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/4506319616479558990'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/4506319616479558990'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/vi.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TL3Ab_GRNB0/Tw7YeYQ5RpI/AAAAAAAAArE/7UM_kxpy-g4/s72-c/1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5715782421209052048.post-2636047782016279649</id><published>2009-06-16T09:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-02-17T09:36:53.848-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckHyctHhBI/AAAAAAAAAOs/o0CtXrfkeHg/s1600-h/textofinal.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316789398367863826" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 231px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckHyctHhBI/AAAAAAAAAOs/o0CtXrfkeHg/s400/textofinal.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SMaLLj2a5RI/AAAAAAAAAG8/aTs9lx9DmWU/s1600-h/agradecimento.gif"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5715782421209052048-2636047782016279649?l=institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/feeds/2636047782016279649/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5715782421209052048&amp;postID=2636047782016279649&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2636047782016279649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5715782421209052048/posts/default/2636047782016279649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://institutoliberdadeeconomica.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Jorge A. Vasconcellos e Sá</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03975953057372448214</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://bp0.blogger.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SGoEI8t9OSI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kd6onJnsh6c/S220/DSC_3422.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Ovgr6GgvWs/SckHyctHhBI/AAAAAAAAAOs/o0CtXrfkeHg/s72-c/textofinal.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
